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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on April 30, 2009
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp078
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

What Motivates the Adolescent? Brain Regions Mediating Reward Sensitivity across Adolescence

Linda Van Leijenhorst1,2, Kiki Zanolie13, Catharina S. Van Meel1,2,4, P. Michiel Westenberg1,2, Serge A.R.B. Rombouts1,2,5 and Eveline A. Crone1,2

1 Department of Psychology, Leiden University, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands, 2 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands, 3 Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 4 Department of Clinical Psychology, Free University Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 5 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands

Address correspondence to Linda Van Leijenhorst. Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Institute for Psychological Research, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands. Email: lleijenhorst{at}fsw.leidenuniv.nl.

The relation between brain development across adolescence and adolescent risky behavior has attracted increasing interest in recent years. It has been proposed that adolescents are hypersensitive to reward because of an imbalance in the developmental pattern followed by the striatum and prefrontal cortex. To date, it is unclear if adolescents engage in risky behavior because they overestimate potential rewards or respond more to received rewards and whether these effects occur in the absence of decisions. In this study, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm that allowed us to dissociate effects of the anticipation, receipt, and omission of reward in 10- to 12-year-old, 14- to 15-year-old, and 18- to 23-year-old participants. We show that in anticipation of uncertain outcomes, the anterior insula is more active in adolescents compared with young adults and that the ventral striatum shows a reward-related peak in middle adolescence, whereas young adults show orbitofrontal cortex activation to omitted reward. These regions show distinct developmental trajectories. This study supports the hypothesis that adolescents are hypersensitive to reward and adds to the current literature in demonstrating that neural activation differs in adolescents even for small rewards in the absence of choice. These findings may have important implications for understanding adolescent risk-taking behavior.

Key Words: development • fMRI • insula • prefrontal cortex • striatum • uncertainty


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