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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on July 31, 2006
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl041
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Article

Emotion Induction After Direct Intracerebral Stimulations of Human Amygdala

Laura Lanteaume 1, Stéphanie Khalfa 2, Jean Régis 2, Patrick Marquis 2, Patrick Chauvel 2, and Fabrice Bartolomei 2 *

1 Laboratoire Parole et Langage, CNRS et Université de Provence UMR 6054, 13621 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 1, France
2 Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique-Unité d'Epileptologie, INSERM U 751 CHU TIMONE et Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille, Cedex 5, France

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fabrice Bartolomei, E-mail: fbartolo{at}medecine.univ-mrs.fr


  Abstract

Very few studies in humans have quantified the effect obtained after direct electrical stimulation of the amygdala, in terms of both emotional and physiological responses. We tested patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsies who were explored with intracerebral electrodes in the setting of presurgical evaluation. We assessed the effects of direct electric stimulations in either the right or the left amygdala on verbally self-reported emotions (Izard scale) and on psychophysiological markers of emotions by recording skin conductance responses (SCRs) and by measuring the electromyographic responses of the corrugator supercilii (EMGc). According to responses on Izard scales, electrical stimulations of the right amygdala induced negative emotions, especially fear and sadness. In contrast, stimulations of the left amygdala were able to induce either pleasant (happiness) or unpleasant (fear, anxiety, sadness) emotions. Unpleasant states induced by electrical stimulations were accompanied by an increase in EMGc activity. In addition, when emotional changes were reported after electrical stimulation, SCR amplitude for the positively valenced emotions was larger than for the negative ones. These findings provide direct in vivo evidence that the human amygdala is involved in emotional experiences and strengthen the hypothesis of a functional asymmetry of the amygdala for valence and arousal processing.

Keywords: amygdala; corrugator supercilii; electrodermal; emotion; fear.
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