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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on March 8, 2006
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj156
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Article

FEF TMS Affects Visual Cortical Activity

Paul C.J. Taylor 1 *, Anna C. Nobre 1, and Matthew F.S. Rushworth 1

1 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK; Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Paul C.J. Taylor, E-mail: paul.taylor{at}psy.ox.ac.uk


  Abstract

We tested whether the frontal eye field (FEF) is critical in controlling visual processing in posterior visual brain areas during the orienting of spatial attention. Short trains (5 pulses at 10 Hz) of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were applied to the right FEF during the cueing period of a covert attentional task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were simultaneously recorded from lateral posterior electrodes, where visual components are prominent. FEF TMS significantly affected the neural activity evoked by visual stimuli, as well as the ongoing neural activity recorded during earlier anticipation of the visual stimuli. The effects of FEF TMS started earlier and were greatest for brain activity recorded ipsilaterally to FEF TMS and contralaterally to the visual stimulus. The TMS-induced effect on visual ERPs occurred at the same time as ERPs were shown to be modulated by visual attention. Importantly, no similar effects were observed after TMS of a control site that was physically closer but not anatomically interconnected to the recording sites. The results show that the human FEF has a causal influence over the modulation of visual activity in posterior areas when attention is being allocated.

Keywords: EEG; ERP; frontal eye field; orienting; TMS-EEG; transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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