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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on February 1, 2006
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj127
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Article

Small-World Networks and Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease

C. J. Stam 1, B. F. Jones 2 *, G. Nolte 3, M. Breakspear 4, and Ph. Scheltens 2

1 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2 Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3 Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1428 Bethesda, MD, USA; Fraunhofer First, Kekulestrae 7, 12489 Berlin, Germany
4 Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
B. F. Jones, E-mail: b.jones{at}vumc.nl


  Abstract

We investigated whether functional brain networks are abnormally organized in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To this end, graph theoretical analysis was applied to matrices of functional connectivity of beta band-filtered electroencephalography (EEG) channels, in 15 Alzheimer patients and 13 control subjects. Correlations between all pairwise combinations of EEG channels were determined with the synchronization likelihood. The resulting synchronization matrices were converted to graphs by applying a threshold, and cluster coefficients and path lengths were computed as a function of threshold or as a function of degree K. For a wide range of thresholds, the characteristic path length L was significantly longer in the Alzheimer patients, whereas the cluster coefficient C showed no significant changes. This pattern was still present when L and C were computed as a function of K. A longer path length with a relatively preserved cluster coefficient suggests a loss of complexity and a less optimal organization. The present study provides further support for the presence of "small-world" features in functional brain networks and demonstrates that AD is characterized by a loss of small-world network characteristics. Graph theoretical analysis may be a useful approach to study the complexity of patterns of interrelations between EEG channels.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; complexity; EEG; small-world network; synchronization.
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