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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on August 24, 2005
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj024
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Article

The Evolution of Prefrontal Inputs to the Cortico-pontine System: Diffusion Imaging Evidence from Macaque Monkeys and Humans

Narender Ramnani 1*, Timothy E.J. Behrens 2, Heidi Johansen-Berg 2, Marlene C. Richter 3, Mark A. Pinsk 3, Jesper L.R. Andersson 4, Peter Rudebeck 5, Olga Ciccarelli 6, Wolfgang Richter 7, Alan J. Thompson 6, Charles G. Gross 8, Matthew D. Robson 9, Sabine Kastner 3, and Paul M. Matthews 2

1 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK; Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
2 Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
3 Centre for the Study of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
4 Karolinska MR Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
5 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, UK
6 Department of Headache, Brain Injury and Neurorehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
7 Centre for the Study of Mind, Brain and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
8 Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
9 Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (OCMR), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Narender Ramnani, E-mail: n.ramnani{at}rhul.ac.uk


  Abstract

The cortico-ponto-cerebellar system is one of the largest projection systems in the primate brain, but in the human brain the nature of the information processing in this system remains elusive. Determining the areas of the cerebral cortex which contribute projections to this system will allow us to better understand information processing within it. Information from the cerebral cortex is conveyed to the cerebellum by topographically arranged fibres in the cerebral peduncle -- an important fibre system in which all cortical outputs spatially converge on their way to the cerebellum via the pontine nuclei. Little is known of their anatomical organization in the human brain. New in vivo diffusion imaging and probabilistic tractography methods now offer a way in which input tracts in the cerebral peduncle can be characterized in detail. Here we use these methods to contrast their organization in humans and macaque monkeys. We confirm the dominant contribution of the cortical motor areas to the macaque monkey cerebral peduncle. However, we also present novel anatomical evidence for a relatively large prefrontal contribution to the human cortico-ponto-cerebellar system in the cerebral peduncle. These findings suggest the selective evolution of prefrontal inputs to the human cortico-ponto-cerebellar system.

Keywords: cerebellum; diffusion imaging; macaque; pontine nuclei; prefrontal cortex.
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