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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on March 2, 2005
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi063
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Article

Monetary Incentives Enhance Processing in Brain Regions Mediating Top-down Control of Attention

Dana M. Small 1*, Darren Gitelman 2, Katharine Simmons 3, Suzanne M. Bloise 4, Todd Parrish 2, and M.-Marsel Mesulam 5

1 Northwestern University Brain Mapping Group and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Yale University, 333 Cedar Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
2 Northwestern University Brain Mapping Group and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
3 Northwestern University Brain Mapping Group and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
4 Northwestern University Brain Mapping Group and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
5 Northwestern University Brain Mapping Group and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 East Superior Street, Searle 11, Chicago, IL 60611, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Dana M. Small, E-mail: dsmall{at}jbpierce.org


  Abstract

To evaluate the effect of an abstract motivational incentive on top-down mechanisms of visual spatial attention, 10 subjects engaged in a target detection task and responded to targets preceded by spatially valid (predictive), invalid (misleading) or neutral central cues under three different incentive conditions: win money (WIN), lose money (LOSE), and neutral (neither gain nor lose). Activation in the posterior cingulate cortex was correlated with visual spatial expectancy, defined as the degree to which the valid cue benefited performance as evidenced by faster reaction times compared to non-directional cues. Winning and losing money enhanced this relationship via overlapping but independent limbic mechanisms. In addition, activity in the inferior parietal lobule was correlated with disengagement (the degree to which invalid cues diminished performance). This relationship was also enhanced by monetary incentives. Finally, incentive enhanced the relationship of activation in the visual cortex to visual spatial expectancy and disengagement for both types of incentive (WIN and LOSE). These results show that abstract incentives enhance neural processing within the attention network in a process- and valence-selective manner. They also show that different cognitive and motivational mechanisms may produce a common effect upon unimodal cortices in order to enhance processing to serve the current behavioral goal.

Keywords: fMRI; inferior parietal lobule; orbitofrontal cortex; parahippocampal gyrus; posterior cingulate cortex; visual spatial expectancy.
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