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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on February 16, 2005
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi055
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

Article

Developmental Changes in Mental Arithmetic: Evidence for Increased Functional Specialization in the Left Inferior Parietal Cortex

S.M. Rivera 1, A.L. Reiss 2, M.A. Eckert 2, and V. Menon 3*

1 Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
3 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Neuroscience Institute at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
V. Menon, E-mail: menon{at}stanford.edu


  Abstract

Arithmetic reasoning is arguably one of the most important cognitive skills a child must master. Here we examine neurodevelopmental changes in mental arithmetic. Subjects (ages 8-19 years) viewed arithmetic equations and were asked to judge whether the results were correct or incorrect. During two-operand addition or subtraction trials, for which accuracy was comparable across age, older subjects showed greater activation in the left parietal cortex, along the supramarginal gyrus and adjoining anterior intra-parietal sulcus as well as the left lateral occipital temporal cortex. These age-related changes were not associated with alterations in gray matter density, and provide novel evidence for increased functional maturation with age. By contrast, younger subjects showed greater activation in the prefrontal cortex, including the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, suggesting that they require comparatively more working memory and attentional resources to achieve similar levels of mental arithmetic performance. Younger subjects also showed greater activation of the hippocampus and dorsal basal ganglia, reflecting the greater demands placed on both declarative and procedural memory systems. Our findings provide evidence for a process of increased functional specialization of the left inferior parietal cortex in mental arithmetic, a process that is accompanied by decreased dependence on memory and attentional resources with development.

Keywords: development; frontal cortex; mathematical; parietal cortex; reasoning.
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