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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on November 24, 2004
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh216
© 2004 by Oxford University Press
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Article

Cocaine Makes Actions Insensitive to Outcomes but not Extinction: Implications for Altered Orbitofrontal-Amygdalar Function

Geoffrey Schoenbaum 1* and Barry Setlow 2

1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
2 Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Geoffrey Schoenbaum, E-mail: schoenbg{at}schoenbaumlab.org


  Abstract

Addiction is characterized by persistent drug-seeking despite adverse consequences or outcomes. Such persistent behavior may result from drug-induced brain changes that increase the control of behavior by associations between antecedent cues and responses. However, it is equally plausible that brain changes cause a decrease in the control of behavior by the value of likely outcomes. To test whether drug exposure can cause persistent behavior, and to distinguish between these two accounts of such behavior, we tested cocaine-experienced rats in a Pavlovian ‘reinforcer devaluation’ task, which provides independent assessments of the control of behavior by antecedent cues and outcome representations. We found that cocaine exposure caused persistent responding in this setting a month after the last drug treatment, and that this deficit resulted from an inability to use representations of outcome value to guide behavior rather than from changes in stimulus-response learning or response inhibition.

Keywords: addiction; devaluation; learning; psychostimulant; sensitization.
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