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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on November 24, 2004
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh210
© 2004 by Oxford University Press
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Article

Cross-modal integration and plastic changes revealed by lip movement, random-dot motion and sign languages in the hearing and deaf

Norihiro Sadato 1*, Tomohisa Okada 2, Manabu Honda 3, Ken-Ichi Matsuki 4, Masaki Yoshida 4, Ken-Ichi Kashikura 5, Wataru Takei 6, Tetsuhiro Sato 5, Takanori Kochiyama 7, and Yoshiharu Yonekura 5

1 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan; JST (Japan Science and Technology Corporation)/RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society), Kawaguchi, Japan
2 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Image-based Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
3 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
4 Department of Education, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan
5 Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan
6 Department of Education, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
7 Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Norihiro Sadato, E-mail: sadato{at}nips.ac.jp


  Abstract

Sign language activates the auditory cortex of deaf subjects, which is evidence of cross-modal plasticity. Lip-reading (visual phonetics), which involves audio-visual integration, activates the auditory cortex of hearing subjects. To test whether audio-visual cross-modal plasticity occurs within areas involved in cross-modal integration, we used functional MRI to study seven prelingual deaf signers, 10 hearing non-signers and nine hearing signers. The visually presented tasks included mouth-movement matching, random-dot motion matching and sign-related motion matching. The mouth-movement tasks included conditions with or without visual phonetics, and the difference between these was used to measure the lip-reading effects. During the mouth-movement matching tasks, the deaf subjects showed more prominent activation of the left planum temporale (PT) than the hearing subjects. During dot-motion matching, the deaf showed greater activation in the right PT. Sign-related motion, with or without a lexical component, activated the left PT in the deaf signers more than in the hearing signers. These areas showed lip-reading effects in hearing subjects. These findings suggest that cross-modal plasticity is induced by auditory deprivation independent of the lexical processes or visual phonetics, and this plasticity is mediated in part by the neural substrates of audio-visual cross-modal integration.

Keywords: blood flow; cortex; deafness; language; magnetic resonance; speech.
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