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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on July 6, 2004
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh131
© 2004 by Oxford University Press
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Article

Suppressed Responses to Self-triggered Sounds in the Human Auditory Cortex

Mika H. Martikainen 1, Ken-ichi Kaneko 2, Riitta Hari 3*

1 Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland
2 Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland; Present address: Department of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
3 Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hari{at}neuro.hut.fi.


  Abstract

Humans are assumed to predict the sensory consequences of their own actions by means of forward models that enable discrimination between self-produced and external sensory signals. Here we tested whether responses in the human auditory cortex would differ to self-triggered versus externally triggered tones. The responses were recorded with a whole-scalp neuromagnetometer from 12 healthy subjects who either themselves triggered a tone by pressing a button once every 5 s or passively listened to externally triggered tones, presented in an identical sound sequence. Sources of the auditory N100m responses, peaking ~90 ms after sound onset in the supratemporal auditory cortex, were significantly weaker to self-triggered than to externally triggered sounds (suppressions 24 ± 7% and 18 ± 4% in the left and right hemispheres, respectively). These results support the existence of a forward model that predicts the auditory consequences of the subject's own motor acts on the environment -- even with a tool -- and thereby enables discrimination between self-produced and external sounds.

Keywords: auditory evoked response; auditory cortex; efference copy; forward model; magnetoencephalography; sensorimotor; sound.
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