Cerebral Cortex 1994; 4:8-26
© Oxford University Press 1994
research-article |
Practice-related Changes in Human Brain Functional Anatomy during Nonmotor Learning
1Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Departments Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri 63110, 2Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri 63110, 3Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri 63110., 4McDonnell Center for Studies of Higher Brain Function, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
Practice of a novel task leads to improved performance. The brain mechanisms associated with practice-induced improvement in performance are largely unknown. To address this question we have examined the functional anatomy of the human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) during the naive and practiced performance of a simple verbal response selection task (saying an appropriate verb for a visually presented noun). As a control state, subjects were asked to repeat the visually presented nouns. Areas of the brain most active during naive performance (anterior cingulata, left prefrontal and left posterior temporal cortices, and the right cerebellar hemisphere), compared to repeating the visually presented nouns, were all significantly less active during practiced performance. These changes were accompanied by changes in the opposite direction in sylvian-insular cortex bilaterally and left medial extras-triate cortex. In effect, brief practice made the cortical circuitry used for verbal response selection indistinguishable from simple word repetition. Introduction of a novel list of words reversed the learning-related effects. These results indicate that two distinct circuits can be used for verbal response selection and normal subjects can change the brain circuits used during task performance following less than 15 min of practice. One critical factor in determining the circuitry used appears to be the degree to which a task is learned or automatic.
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 J. M. Goldstein, J. M. Goodman, L. J. Seidman, D. N. Kennedy, N. Makris, H. Lee, J. Tourville, V. S. Caviness Jr, S. V. Faraone, and M. T. Tsuang Cortical Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Identified by Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 1, 1999; 56(6): 537 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Backman, J. L. R. Andersson, L. Nyberg, B. Winblad, A. Nordberg, and O. Almkvist Brain regions associated with episodic retrieval in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease Neurology, June 1, 1999; 52(9): 1861 - 1861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. McIntosh, M. N. Rajah, and N. J. Lobaugh Interactions of Prefrontal Cortex in Relation to Awareness in Sensory Learning Science, May 28, 1999; 284(5419): 1531 - 1533. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Dehaene, E. Spelke, P. Pinel, R. Stanescu, and S. Tsivkin Sources of Mathematical Thinking: Behavioral and Brain-Imaging Evidence Science, May 7, 1999; 284(5416): 970 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. G. Shulman, D. L. Rothman, and F. Hyder Stimulated changes in localized cerebral energy consumption under anesthesia PNAS, March 16, 1999; 96(6): 3245 - 3250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Fletcher, C. Buchel, O. Josephs, K. Friston, and R. Dolan Learning-related Neuronal Responses in Prefrontal Cortex Studied with Functional Neuroimaging Cereb Cortex, March 1, 1999; 9(2): 168 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. Thompson-Schill, D. Swick, M. J. Farah, M. D'Esposito, I. P. Kan, and R. T. Knight Verb generation in patients with focal frontal lesions: A neuropsychological test of neuroimaging findings PNAS, December 22, 1998; 95(26): 15855 - 15860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R.-A. Muller, R. D. Rothermel, M. E. Behen, O. Muzik, T. J. Mangner, and H. T. Chugani Developmental Changes of Cortical and Cerebellar Motor Control: A Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Study With Children and Adults J Child Neurol, November 1, 1998; 13(11): 550 - 556. [Abstract] [PDF]
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N. Sobel, V. Prabhakaran, C. A. Hartley, J. E. Desmond, Z. Zhao, G. H. Glover, J. D.E. Gabrieli, and E. V. Sullivan Odorant-Induced and Sniff-Induced Activation in the Cerebellum of the Human J. Neurosci., November 1, 1998; 18(21): 8990 - 9001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Vaina, J. W. Belliveau, E. B. d. Roziers, and T. A. Zeffiro Neural systems underlying learning and representation of global motion PNAS, October 13, 1998; 95(21): 12657 - 12662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. van Mier, L. W. Tempel, J. S. Perlmutter, M. E. Raichle, and S. E. Petersen Changes in Brain Activity During Motor Learning Measured With PET: Effects of Hand of Performance and Practice J Neurophysiol, October 1, 1998; 80(4): 2177 - 2199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-B. Moser and E. I. Moser Distributed Encoding and Retrieval of Spatial Memory in the Hippocampus J. Neurosci., September 15, 1998; 18(18): 7535 - 7542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Brewer, Z. Zhao, J. E. Desmond, G. H. Glover, and J. D. Gabrieli Making Memories: Brain Activity that Predicts How Well Visual Experience Will Be Remembered Science, August 21, 1998; 281(5380): 1185 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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V. A. Curtis, E. T. Bullmore, M. J. Brammer, I. C. Wright, S. C.R. Williams, R. G. Morris, T. S. Sharma, R. M. Murray, and P. K. McGuire Attenuated Frontal Activation During a Verbal Fluency Task in Patients With Schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry, August 1, 1998; 155(8): 1056 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Elliott and R. J. Dolan Neural Response during Preference and Memory Judgments for Subliminally Presented Stimuli: A Functional Neuroimaging Study J. Neurosci., June 15, 1998; 18(12): 4697 - 4704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Lu, O. Hikosaka, and S. Miyachi Role of Monkey Cerebellar Nuclei in Skill for Sequential Movement J Neurophysiol, May 1, 1998; 79(5): 2245 - 2254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. H. Le, J. V. Pardo, and X. Hu 4 T-fMRI Study of Nonspatial Shifting of Selective Attention: Cerebellar and Parietal Contributions J Neurophysiol, March 1, 1998; 79(3): 1535 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Fernandez, H. Weyerts, M. Schrader-Bolsche, I. Tendolkar, H. G. O. M. Smid, C. Tempelmann, H. Hinrichs, H. Scheich, C. E. Elger, G. R. Mangun, et al. Successful Verbal Encoding into Episodic Memory Engages the Posterior Hippocampus: A Parametrically Analyzed Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study J. Neurosci., March 1, 1998; 18(5): 1841 - 1847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Raichle Behind the scenes of functional brain imaging: A historical and physiological perspective PNAS, February 3, 1998; 95(3): 765 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Petersen, H. van Mier, J. A. Fiez, and M. E. Raichle The effects of practice on the functional anatomy of task performance PNAS, February 3, 1998; 95(3): 853 - 860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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