Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on October 8, 2008
Cerebral Cortex 2009 19(5):1107-1123; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn152
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Time-Lapse Mapping of Cortical Changes in Schizophrenia with Different Treatments
1 Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, University of California - Los Anges, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA, 2 Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, NC 27710, USA, 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, 4 Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA, 5 McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA, 6 New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Address correspondence to Paul Thompson, PhD, Professor of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 225E, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA. Email: thompson{at}loni.ucla.edu.
Using time-lapse maps, we visualized the dynamics of schizophrenia progression, revealing spreading cortical changes that depend on the type of antipsychotic treatment. Dynamic, 4-dimensional models of disease progression were created from 4 repeated high-resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of 36 first-episode schizophrenia patients (30 men/6 women; mean age: 24.2 ± 5.1 SD years) randomized to haloperidol (HAL) (n = 15) or olanzapine (OLZ) treatment (n = 21), imaged at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months (144 scans). Based on surface-based cortical models and point-by-point measures of gray matter volume, we generated time-lapse maps for each treatment. Disease trajectories differed for atypical versus typical neuroleptic drugs. A rapidly advancing parietal-to-frontal deficit trajectory, in HAL-treated patients, mirrored normal cortical maturation but greatly intensified. The disease trajectory advanced even after symptom normalization, involving the frontal cortex within 12 months with typical drug treatment. Areas with fastest tissue loss shifted anteriorly in the first year of psychosis. This trajectory was not seen with OLZ. Whether this association reflects either reduced neurotoxicity or neuroprotection cannot be addressed with neuroimaging; changes may relate to glial rather than neural components. These maps revise current models of schizophrenia progression; due to power limitations, the findings require confirmation in a sample large enough to model group x time interactions.
Key Words: cortex • development • imaging • neurotoxicity • schizophrenia
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