Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on October 18, 2007
Cerebral Cortex 2008 18(7):1496-1505; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm182
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Language Control and Lexical Competition in Bilinguals: An Event-Related fMRI Study
1 Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences, Vita Salute San Raffaele University and Scientific Institute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy, 2 Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, 3 Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, 4 Department of Radiology, 5 Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland, 6 Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG UK, 7 Ecole de Traduction et d'Interprétation, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Address correspondence to Dr Asaid Khateb, PhD, Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland. Email: asaid.khateb{at}hcuge.ch.
Language selection (or control) refers to the cognitive mechanism that controls which language to use at a given moment and context. It allows bilinguals to selectively communicate in one target language while minimizing the interferences from the nontarget language. Previous studies have suggested the participation in language control of different brain areas. However, the question remains whether the selection of one language among others relies on a language-specific neural module or general executive regions that also allow switching between different competing behavioral responses including the switching between various linguistic registers. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the neural correlates of language selection processes in German–French bilingual subjects during picture naming in different monolingual and bilingual selection contexts. We show that naming in the first language in the bilingual context (compared with monolingual contexts) increased activation in the left caudate and anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, the activation of these areas is even more extended when the subjects are using a second weaker language. These findings show that language control processes engaged in contexts during which both languages must remain active recruit the left caudate and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in a manner that can be distinguished from areas engaged in intralanguage task switching.
Key Words: cognitive control • event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging • language selection • left hemisphere • picture naming • task selection
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