Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on January 5, 2005
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(9):1332-1342; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi016
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© Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved
Neurophysiological Architecture of Functional Magnetic Resonance Images of Human Brain
Brain Mapping Unit1 and Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre2 , University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Address correspondence to Ed Bullmore, Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. Email: etb23{at}cam.ac.uk
We investigated large-scale systems organization of the whole human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired from healthy volunteers in a no-task or ‘resting’ state. Images were parcellated using a prior anatomical template, yielding regional mean time series for each of 90 regions (major cortical gyri and subcortical nuclei) in each subject. Significant pairwise functional connections, defined by the group mean inter-regional partial correlation matrix, were mostly either local and intrahemispheric or symmetrically interhemispheric. Low-frequency components in the time series subtended stronger inter-regional correlations than high-frequency components. Intrahemispheric connectivity was generally related to anatomical distance by an inverse square law; many symmetrical interhemispheric connections were stronger than predicted by the anatomical distance between bilaterally homologous regions. Strong interhemispheric connectivity was notably absent in data acquired from a single patient, minimally conscious following a brainstem lesion. Multivariate analysis by hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling consistently defined six major systems in healthy volunteers — corresponding approximately to four neocortical lobes, medial temporal lobe and subcortical nuclei — that could be further decomposed into anatomically and functionally plausible subsystems, e.g. dorsal and ventral divisions of occipital cortex. An undirected graph derived by thresholding the healthy group mean partial correlation matrix demonstrated local clustering or cliquishness of connectivity and short mean path length compatible with prior data on small world characteristics of non-human cortical anatomy. Functional MRI demonstrates a neurophysiological architecture of the normal human brain that is anatomically sensible, strongly symmetrical, disrupted by acute brain injury, subtended predominantly by low frequencies and consistent with a small world network topology.
Key Words: connectivity • multivariate • network • scaling • symmetry • systems
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