Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on September 30, 2004
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(7):888-898; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh188
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Cerebral Cortex V 15 N 7 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
Context-dependent Representation of Response-outcome in Monkey Prefrontal Neurons
1 Laboratory of Cognitive Neurobiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan and 2 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
Address correspondence to Dr Toshiyuki Sawaguchi, Laboratory of Cognitive Neurobiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan. Email: toshi-sw{at}med.hokudai.ac.jp.
For behaviour to be purposeful, it is important to monitor the preceding behavioural context, particularly for factors regarding stimulus, response and outcome. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) appears to play a major role in such a context-dependent, flexible behavioural control system, and this area is likely to have a neuronal mechanism for such retrospective coding, which associates response-outcome with the information and/or neural systems that guided the response. To address this hypothesis, we recorded neuronal activity from the DLPFC of monkeys performing memory- and sensory-guided saccade tasks, each of which had two conditions with reward contingencies. We found that post-response activity of a subset of DLPFC neurons was modulated by three factors relating to earlier events: the direction of the immediately preceding response, its outcome (reward or non-reward) and the information type (memory or sensory) that guided the response. Such neuronal coding should play a role in associating response-outcome with information and/or neural systems used to guide behaviour — that is, ‘retrospective monitoring’ of behavioural context and/or neural systems used for guiding behaviour — thereby contributing to context-dependent, flexible control of behaviours.
Key Words: behavioural control • post-response activity • prefrontal cortex • primate • retrospective monitoring • single-neuron activity
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