Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 10, No. 3, 295-307,
March 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision making and the influence on it by emotion. The key idea of this hypothesis is that decision making is a process that is influenced by marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can occur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the hypothesis. The orbitofrontal cortex represents one critical structure in a neural system subserving decision making. Decision making is not mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex alone, but arises from large-scale systems that include other cortical and subcortical components. Such structures include the amygdala, the somatosensory/insular cortices and the peripheral nervous system. Here we focus only on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in decision making and emotional processing, and the relationship between emotion, decision making and other cognitive functions of the frontal lobe, namely working memory.
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I. Bohn, C. Giertler, and W. Hauber NMDA Receptors in the Rat Orbital Prefrontal Cortex are Involved in Guidance of Instrumental Behaviour under Reversal Conditions Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2003; 13(9): 968 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. O'Doherty, H. Critchley, R. Deichmann, and R. J. Dolan Dissociating Valence of Outcome from Behavioral Control in Human Orbital and Ventral Prefrontal Cortices J. Neurosci., August 27, 2003; 23(21): 7931 - 7939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Bentley, P. Vuilleumier, C. M. Thiel, J. Driver, and R. J. Dolan Effects of Attention and Emotion on Repetition Priming and Their Modulation by Cholinergic Enhancement J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2003; 90(2): 1171 - 1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. N. Potenza, M. A. Steinberg, P. Skudlarski, R. K. Fulbright, C. M. Lacadie, M. K. Wilber, B. J. Rounsaville, J. C. Gore, and B. E. Wexler Gambling Urges in Pathological Gambling: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study Arch Gen Psychiatry, August 1, 2003; 60(8): 828 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. R. Jennings Autoregulation of Blood Pressure and Thought: Preliminary Results of an Application of Brain Imaging to Psychosomatic Medicine Psychosom Med, May 1, 2003; 65(3): 384 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Pezze, T. Bast, and J. Feldon Significance of Dopamine Transmission in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex for Conditioned Fear Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2003; 13(4): 371 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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