Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 10, No. 3, 206-219,
March 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
The Organization of Networks within the Orbital and Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rats, Monkeys and Humans
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
This paper reviews architectonic subdivisions and connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) in rats, monkeys and humans. Cortico-cortical connections provide the basis for recognition of ‘medial’ and ‘orbital’ networks within the OMPFC. These networks also have distinct connections with structures in other parts of the brain. The orbital network receives sensory inputs from several modalities, including olfaction, taste, visceral afferents, somatic sensation and vision, which appear to be especially related to food or eating. In contrast, the medial network provides the major cortical output to visceromotor structures in the hypothalamus and brainstem. The two networks have distinct connections with areas of the striatum and mediodorsal thalamus. In particular, projections to the nucleus accumbens and the adjacent ventromedial caudate and putamen arise predominantly from the medial network. Both networks also have extensive connections with limbic structures. Based on these and other observations, the OMPFC appears to function as a sensory–visceromotor link, especially for eating. This linkage appears to be critical for the guidance of reward-related behavior and for setting of mood. Imaging and histological observations on human brains indicate that clinical depressive disorders are associated with specific functional and cellular changes in the OMPFC, including activity and volume changes, and specific changes in the number of glial cells.
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N. D. Volkow, G.-J. Wang, Y. Ma, J. S. Fowler, C. Wong, Y.-S. Ding, R. Hitzemann, J. M. Swanson, and P. Kalivas Activation of Orbital and Medial Prefrontal Cortex by Methylphenidate in Cocaine-Addicted Subjects But Not in Controls: Relevance to Addiction J. Neurosci., April 13, 2005; 25(15): 3932 - 3939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Milak, R. V. Parsey, J. Keilp, M. A. Oquendo, K. M. Malone, and J. J. Mann Neuroanatomic Correlates of Psychopathologic Components of Major Depressive Disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry, April 1, 2005; 62(4): 397 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Calderon, N. Leverkova, and A. Peinado Gq/11-Induced and Spontaneous Waves of Coordinated Network Activation in Developing Frontal Cortex J. Neurosci., February 16, 2005; 25(7): 1737 - 1749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. T. Raij, J. Numminen, S. Narvanen, J. Hiltunen, and R. Hari Brain correlates of subjective reality of physically and psychologically induced pain PNAS, February 8, 2005; 102(6): 2147 - 2151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Gianaros, J. C. May, G. J. Siegle, and J. R. Jennings Is There a Functional Neural Correlate of Individual Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity? Psychosom Med, January 1, 2005; 67(1): 31 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Self, K.-H. Choi, D. Simmons, J. R. Walker, and C. S. Smagula Extinction Training Regulates Neuroadaptive Responses to Withdrawal from Chronic Cocaine Self-Administration Learn. Mem., September 1, 2004; 11(5): 648 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Fuchs, K. A. Evans, M. P. Parker, and R. E. See Differential Involvement of Orbitofrontal Cortex Subregions in Conditioned Cue-Induced and Cocaine-Primed Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Rats J. Neurosci., July 21, 2004; 24(29): 6600 - 6610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Mah, M. C. Arnold, and J. Grafman Impairment of Social Perception Associated With Lesions of the Prefrontal Cortex Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2004; 161(7): 1247 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Winstanley, D. E. H. Theobald, R. N. Cardinal, and T. W. Robbins Contrasting Roles of Basolateral Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Impulsive Choice J. Neurosci., May 19, 2004; 24(20): 4718 - 4722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. Smith, P. R. Rapp, H. M. McKay, J. A. Roberts, and M. H. Tuszynski Memory Impairment in Aged Primates Is Associated with Focal Death of Cortical Neurons and Atrophy of Subcortical Neurons J. Neurosci., May 5, 2004; 24(18): 4373 - 4381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Teves, T. O. Videen, P. E. Cryer, and W. J. Powers Activation of human medial prefrontal cortex during autonomic responses to hypoglycemia PNAS, April 20, 2004; 101(16): 6217 - 6221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z.-w. Zhang Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Intrinsic Properties and Synaptic Function J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2004; 91(3): 1171 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Rocher, M. Spedding, C. Munoz, and T. M. Jay Acute Stress-induced Changes in Hippocampal/Prefrontal Circuits in Rats: Effects of Antidepressants Cereb Cortex, February 1, 2004; 14(2): 224 - 229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. Knight, D. T. Cheng, C. N. Smith, E. A. Stein, and F. J. Helmstetter Neural Substrates Mediating Human Delay and Trace Fear Conditioning J. Neurosci., January 7, 2004; 24(1): 218 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Ballmaier, A. W. Toga, R. E. Blanton, E. R. Sowell, H. Lavretsky, J. Peterson, D. Pham, and A. Kumar Anterior Cingulate, Gyrus Rectus, and Orbitofrontal Abnormalities in Elderly Depressed Patients: An MRI-Based Parcellation of the Prefrontal Cortex Am J Psychiatry, January 1, 2004; 161(1): 99 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Heimer A New Anatomical Framework for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Drug Abuse Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2003; 160(10): 1726 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.L. Kringelbach, J. O'Doherty, E.T. Rolls, and C. Andrews Activation of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex to a Liquid Food Stimulus is Correlated with its Subjective Pleasantness Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2003; 13(10): 1064 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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