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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on July 29, 2009
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp148
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

TMS Over Human Frontal Eye Fields Disrupts Trans-saccadic Memory of Multiple Objects

Steven L. Prime1,2,3, Michael Vesia1,2,4 and J. Douglas Crawford1,2,3,4

1 Centre for Vision Research, 2 Canadian Action and Perception Network, 3 Department of Psychology, 4 Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada

Address correspondence to Steven L. Prime, PhD, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. Email: prime{at}cc.umanitoba.ca.

We recently showed that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the right parietal eye fields disrupts memory of object features and locations across saccades. We applied TMS over the frontal eye fields (FEF) as subjects compared the feature details of visual targets presented either within a single eye fixation (Fixation Task) or across a saccade (Saccade Task). TMS pulses were randomly delivered at one of 3 time intervals around the time of the saccade, or at equivalent times in the Fixation Task. A No-TMS control confirmed that subjects could normally retain ~3 visual features. TMS in the Fixation Task had no effect compared with No-TMS, but differences among TMS times were found during right FEF stimulation. TMS over either the right or left FEF disrupted memory performance in the Saccade Task when stimulation coincided most closely with the saccade. The capacity to compare pre-and postsaccadic features was reduced to 1–2 objects, as expected if the spatial aspect of memory was disrupted. These findings suggest that the FEF plays a role in the spatial processing involved in trans-saccadic memory of visual features. We propose that this process employs saccade-related feedback signals similar to those observed in spatial updating.

Key Words: frontal eye fields • saccades • transcranial magnetic stimulation • trans-saccadic memory • visual working memory


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