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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access first published online on May 20, 2009
This version published online on June 16, 2009
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp099
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

How Reliable Are Visual Context Effects in the Parahippocampal Place Area?

Russell A. Epstein and Emily J. Ward

Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA

Address correspondence to Russell Epstein, Department of Psychology, 3720 Walnut Sreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6241, USA. Email: epstein{at}psych.upenn.edu.

The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is a region of human cortex that responds more strongly to visual scenes (e.g., landscapes or cityscapes) than to other visual stimuli. It has been proposed that the primary function of the PPA is encoding of contextual information about object co-occurrence. Supporting this context hypothesis are reports that the PPA responds more strongly to strong-context than to weak-context objects and more strongly to famous faces (for which contextual associations are available) than to nonfamous faces. We reexamined the reliability of these 2 effects by scanning subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed strong- and weak-context objects, scrambled versions of these objects, and famous and nonfamous faces. "Contextual" effects for objects were observed to be reliable in the PPA at slow presentation rates but not at faster presentation rates intended to discourage scene imagery. We were unable to replicate the earlier finding of preferential PPA response to famous versus nonfamous faces. These results are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the PPA encodes contextual associations but are consistent with a competing hypothesis that the PPA encodes scenic layout.

Key Words: context effects • fMRI • parahippocampal place area • spatial layout • visual recognition • visual scenes

Updated to correct affilation address and figure 2.


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