Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published online on January 29, 2009
Cerebral Cortex, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn239
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Published by Oxford University Press 2009.
From Phonemes to Articulatory Codes: An fMRI Study of the Role of Broca's Area in Speech Production
1 Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, UK, 2 Brain Imaging Modeling Section, Voice, Speech and Language Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 3 Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 4 Neuroimaging Section, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 5 Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
Address correspondence to Marina Papoutsi, Centre for Speech, Language, and the Brain, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. Email: marina{at}csl.psychol.cam.ac.uk.
We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neuroanatomical substrates of phonetic encoding and the generation of articulatory codes from phonological representations. Our focus was on the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and in particular whether the LIFG plays a role in sublexical phonological processing such as syllabification or whether it is directly involved in phonetic encoding and the generation of articulatory codes. To answer this question, we contrasted the brain activation patterns elicited by pseudowords with high– or low–sublexical frequency components, which we expected would reveal areas related to the generation of articulatory codes but not areas related to phonological encoding. We found significant activation of a premotor network consisting of the dorsal precentral gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally, and the supplementary motor area for low– versus high–sublexical frequency pseudowords. Based on our hypothesis, we concluded that these areas and in particular the LIFG are involved in phonetic and not phonological encoding. We further discuss our findings with respect to the mechanisms of phonetic encoding and provide evidence in support of a functional segregation of the posterior part of Broca's area, the pars opercularis.
Key Words: articulation • fMRI • left inferior frontal gyrus • pars opercularis • phonological processing