Cerebral Cortex, Vol 7, 583-604, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
M Steriade
The cerebral cortex and thalamus constitute a unified oscillatory machine
displaying different spontaneous rhythms that are dependent on the
behavioral state of vigilance. In vivo multi-site recordings from a variety
of neocortical areas and related thalamic nuclei in cat, including dual
simultaneous intracellular recordings, demonstrate that corticofugal
volleys are effective in synchronizing fast (20-50 Hz) and low-frequency
(< 15 Hz) oscillations in thalamocortical networks, characterizing
activated and de-afferented states. (i) Fast spontaneous oscillations
depend on the depolarization of thalamic and cortical cells and appear in a
sustained manner during waking and REM sleep. Corticothalamic neurons,
discharging high-frequency (400 Hz) spike- bursts at 30-40 Hz, are good
candidates to synchronize fast oscillations in reentrant thalamocortical
loops. Weakly synchronized, fast spontaneous oscillations may be reset and
become robustly coherent after relevant sensory stimuli in waking or
internal signals during the dreaming state. (ii) During quiescent sleep,
the long-range synchronization of brain electrical activity results from
synchronous hyperpolarizations in forebrain neurons. The corticothalamic
inputs during the depolarizing component of the slow oscillation (< 1
Hz) are effective in grouping the thalamic-generated sleep rhythms
(spindles at 7-14 Hz and delta at 1-4 Hz) into complex wave-sequences.
These inputs also control the shape of spindles, and favor the long-range
synchronization and nearly simultaneous appearance of spindles. (iii) The
cortical control of thalamic activity is also demonstrated in spike-
wave-seizures developing from sleep patterns. More than half of
thalamocortical neurons are silent during spike-wave seizures, being
tonically hyperpolarized, and display IPSPs (closely related to the
paroxysmal depolarizing shifts of cortical cells) that are determined by
the pattern of activities in thalamic reticular cells. All these data
congruently show the power of cortical control upon thalamic oscillators.
REVIEWS
Synchronized activities of coupled oscillators in the cerebral cortex and thalamus at different levels of vigilance [published erratum appears in Cereb Cortex 1997 Dec;7(8):779]
Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada. mircea.steriade@phs.ulaval.ca
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