Cerebral Cortex, Vol 7, 487-501, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
LG Nowak, MV Sanchez-Vives and DA McCormick
Cortical neurons in vivo respond to sensory stimuli with the generation of
action potentials that can show a high degree of variability in both their
number and timing with repeated presentations as wells as, on occasion, a
high degree of synchronization with other cortical neurons, including in
the gamma frequency range of 30-70 Hz. Here we examined whether or not this
variability may arise from the intrinsic mechanisms of action potential
generation in cortical regular spiking, fast spiking and intrinsic
burst-generating neurons maintained in vitro. For this purpose, we
performed intracellular recordings in slices of ferret visual cortex and
activated these cells with the intracellular injection of various current
waveforms. Some of these waveforms were derived from barrages of
postsynaptic potentials evoked by visual stimulation recorded in vivo;
others were artificially created and contained various amounts of gamma
range fluctuations; finally, others consisted of swept-sinewave current
(ZAP current) functions. Using such stimuli, we found that, as expected
given the resistive and capacitive properties of cortical neurons, low
frequencies have a larger effect on the membrane potential of cortical
neurons than do higher frequencies. However, increasing the amount of gamma
range fluctuations in a stimulus leads to more precise timing of action
potentials. This suggests that different frequencies play different roles,
low frequencies being efficient for depolarizing cells with high
frequencies increasing the precision of action potential timing. In
parallel to increases in temporal precision, the addition of higher
frequency components increases the range of interspike intervals present in
the action potential discharge. These results suggest that higher frequency
components such as gamma range fluctuations may facilitate the generation
of action potentials with a high temporal precision while at the same time
exhibiting a high degree of variability in interspike intervals on single
trials. This temporal precision may facilitate the use of temporal codes or
the generation of precise synchronization for the transmission and analysis
of information within cortical networks.
ARTICLES
Influence of low and high frequency inputs on spike timing in visual cortical neurons
Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Hayen, CT 06510, USA.
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