Cerebral Cortex, Vol 7, 374-385, Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press
A Gevins, ME Smith, L McEvoy and D Yu
Changes in cortical activity during working memory tasks were examined with
electroencephalograms (EEGs) sampled from 115 channels and spatially
sharpened with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based finite element
deblurring. Eight subjects performed tasks requiring comparison of each
stimulus to a preceding one on verbal or spatial attributes. A frontal
midline theta rhythm increased in magnitude with increased memory load.
Dipole models localized this signal to the region of the anterior cingulate
cortex. A slow (low-frequency), parietocentral, alpha signal decreased with
increased working memory load. These signals were insensitive to the type
of stimulus attribute being processed. A faster (higher-frequency),
occipitoparietal, alpha signal was relatively attenuated in the spatial
version of the task, especially over the posterior right hemisphere. Theta
and alpha signals increased, and overt performance improved, after practice
on the tasks. Increases in theta with both increased task difficulty and
with practice suggests that focusing attention required more effort after
an extended test session. Decreased alpha in the difficult tasks indicates
that this signal is inversely related to the amount of cortical resources
allocated to task performance. Practice-related increases in alpha suggest
that fewer cortical resources are required after skill development. These
results serve: (i) to dissociate the effects of task difficulty and
practice; (ii) to differentiate the involvement of posterior cortex in
spatial versus verbal tasks; (iii) to localize frontal midline theta to the
anteromedial cortex; and (iv) to demonstrate the feasibility of using
anatomical MRIs to remove the blurring effect of the skull and scalp from
the ongoing EEG. The results are discussed with respect to those obtained
in a prior study of transient evoked potentials during working memory.
ARTICLES
High-resolution EEG mapping of cortical activation related to working memory: effects of task difficulty, type of processing, and practice
EEG Systems Laboratory & SAM Technology, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
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