Cerebral Cortex 1996; 6:726-736
© Oxford University Press 1996
research-article |
The Human Brain Age 7–11 Years: A Volumetric Analysis Based on Magnetic Resonance Images
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA, 1Clinique Medicale Infantile, Hopital de Cimiez Nice, France, 2Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 4000, Düsseldorf 1, Germany, 3Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California Irvine College of Medicine Irvine, CA, USA
Address correspondence to V. S. Caviness, Jr, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 25 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
Volumetric magnetic resonance image (MRI)-based morphometry was performed on the brains of 30 normal children (15 males and 15 males) with a mean age of 9 years (range 7–11 years). This age range lies in a late but critical phase of brain growth where net volumetric increment will be small but when the details of brain circuit are being fine-tuned to support the operations of the adult brain. The brain at this age is 95% the volume of the adult brain. The brain of the female child is 93% the volume of the male child. For more than 95% of brain structures, the volumetric differences in male and female child brain are uniformly scaled to the volume difference of the total brain in the two sexes. Exceptions to this pattern of uniform scaling are the caudate, hippocampus and pallidum, which are disproportionately larger in female than male child brain, and the amygdala, which is disproportionately smaller in the female child brain. The patterns of uniform scaling are generally sustained during the final volumetric increment in overall brain size between age 1–11 and adulthood. There are exceptions to this uniform scaling of child to adult brain, and certain of these exceptions are sexually dimorphic. Thus, with respect to major brain regions, the cerebellum in the female but not the male child is already at adult volume while the brainstem in both sexes must enlarge more than the brain as a whole. The collective subcortical gray matter structures of the forebrain of the female child are already at their adult volumes. The volumes of these same structures in the male child, by contrast, are greater than their adult volumes and, by implication, must regress in volume before adulthood. The volume of the central white matter, on the other hand, is disproportionately smaller in female than male child brain with respect to the adult volumes c cerebral central white matter. By implication, relative volumetric increase of cerebral central white matter by adulthood must be greater in the female than male brain. The juxtaposed progressive and regressive patterns of growth of brain structures implied by these observations in the human brain have a soundly established precedent in the developing rhesus brain. There is emerging evidence that sexually dimorphic abnormal regulation of these terminal patterns of brain development are associated with gravely disabling human disorders of obscure etiology.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. H. Perlis, D. J. Holt, J. W. Smoller, A. J. Blood, S. Lee, B. W. Kim, M. J. Lee, M. Sun, N. Makris, D. K. Kennedy, et al. Association of a Polymorphism Near CREB1 With Differential Aversion Processing in the Insula of Healthy Participants Arch Gen Psychiatry, August 1, 2008; 65(8): 882 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Neufang, K. Specht, M. Hausmann, O. Gunturkun, B. Herpertz-Dahlmann, G. R. Fink, and K. Konrad Sex Differences and the Impact of Steroid Hormones on the Developing Human Brain Cereb Cortex, June 11, 2008; (2008) bhn100v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Wood, V. Murko, and P. Nopoulos Ventral frontal cortex in children: morphology, social cognition and femininity/masculinity Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, June 1, 2008; 3(2): 168 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Frazier, S. M. Hodge, J. L. Breeze, A. J. Giuliano, J. E. Terry, C. M. Moore, D. N. Kennedy, M. P. Lopez-Larson, V. S. Caviness, L. J. Seidman, et al. Diagnostic and Sex Effects on Limbic Volumes in Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, January 1, 2008; 34(1): 37 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Abitz, R. D. Nielsen, E. G. Jones, H. Laursen, N. Graem, and B. Pakkenberg Excess of Neurons in the Human Newborn Mediodorsal Thalamus Compared with That of the Adult Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2007; 17(11): 2573 - 2578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Sowell, B. S. Peterson, E. Kan, R. P. Woods, J. Yoshii, R. Bansal, D. Xu, H. Zhu, P. M. Thompson, and A. W. Toga Sex Differences in Cortical Thickness Mapped in 176 Healthy Individuals between 7 and 87 Years of Age Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2007; 17(7): 1550 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. K. Thompson, S. K. Warfield, J. B. Carlin, M. Pavlovic, H. X. Wang, M. Bear, M. J. Kean, L. W. Doyle, G. F. Egan, and T. E. Inder Perinatal risk factors altering regional brain structure in the preterm infant Brain, March 1, 2007; 130(3): 667 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Gilmore, W. Lin, M. W. Prastawa, C. B. Looney, Y. S. K. Vetsa, R. C. Knickmeyer, D. D. Evans, J. K. Smith, R. M. Hamer, J. A. Lieberman, et al. Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain J. Neurosci., February 7, 2007; 27(6): 1255 - 1260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Juranek, P. A. Filipek, G. R. Berenji, C. Modahl, K. Osann, and M. A. Spence Association Between Amygdala Volume and Anxiety Level: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study in Autistic Children J Child Neurol, December 1, 2006; 21(12): 1051 - 1058. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Knickmeyer and S. Baron-Cohen Topical Review: Fetal Testosterone and Sex Differences in Typical Social Development and in Autism J Child Neurol, October 1, 2006; 21(10): 825 - 845. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Hadjikhani, R. M. Joseph, J. Snyder, and H. Tager-Flusberg Anatomical Differences in the Mirror Neuron System and Social Cognition Network in Autism Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2006; 16(9): 1276 - 1282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Zacharia, S. Zimine, K.O. Lovblad, S. Warfield, H. Thoeny, C. Ozdoba, E. Bossi, R. Kreis, C. Boesch, G. Schroth, et al. Early Assessment of Brain Maturation by MR Imaging Segmentation in Neonates and Premature Infants. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2006; 27(5): 972 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Baron-Cohen, R. C. Knickmeyer, and M. K. Belmonte Sex Differences in the Brain: Implications for Explaining Autism Science, November 4, 2005; 310(5749): 819 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Milad, B. T. Quinn, R. K. Pitman, S. P. Orr, B. Fischl, and S. L. Rauch Thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory PNAS, July 26, 2005; 102(30): 10706 - 10711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Frazier, S. Chiu, J. L. Breeze, N. Makris, N. Lange, D. N. Kennedy, M. R. Herbert, E. K. Bent, V. K. Koneru, M. E. Dieterich, et al. Structural Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Limbic and Thalamic Volumes in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2005; 162(7): 1256 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Koshibu, E. T. Ahrens, and P. Levitt Postpubertal Sex Differentiation of Forebrain Structures and Functions Depend on Transforming Growth Factor-{alpha} J. Neurosci., April 13, 2005; 25(15): 3870 - 3880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Steen, T. Emudianughe, M. Hunte, J. Glass, S. Wu, X. Xiong, and W. E. Reddick Brain Volume in Pediatric Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: Evidence of Volumetric Growth Delay? AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2005; 26(3): 455 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Suzuki, H. Hagino, S. Nohara, S.-Y. Zhou, Y. Kawasaki, T. Takahashi, M. Matsui, H. Seto, T. Ono, and M. Kurachi Male-specific Volume Expansion of the Human Hippocampus during Adolescence Cereb Cortex, February 1, 2005; 15(2): 187 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Zhang, K. M. Thomas, M. C. Davidson, B. J. Casey, L. A. Heier, and A. M. Ulug MR Quantitation of Volume and Diffusion Changes in the Developing Brain AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2005; 26(1): 45 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Herbert, D. A. Ziegler, C. K. Deutsch, L. M. O'Brien, D. N. Kennedy, P. A. Filipek, A. I. Bakardjiev, J. Hodgson, M. Takeoka, N. Makris, et al. Brain asymmetries in autism and developmental language disorder: a nested whole-brain analysis Brain, January 1, 2005; 128(1): 213 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Nagy, H. Westerberg, and T. Klingberg Maturation of White Matter is Associated with the Development of Cognitive Functions during Childhood J. Cogn. Neurosci., August 1, 2004; 16(7): 1227 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Sowell, P. M. Thompson, and A. W. Toga Mapping Changes in the Human Cortex throughout the Span of Life Neuroscientist, August 1, 2004; 10(4): 372 - 392. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Takahashi, S. Kinsman, N. Makris, E. Grant, C. Haselgrove, S. McInerney, D.N. Kennedy, Ta. Takahashi, K. Fredrickson, S. Mori, et al. Semilobar Holoprosencephaly with Midline 'Seam': A Topologic and Morphogenetic Model Based Upon MRI Analysis Cereb Cortex, December 1, 2003; 13(12): 1299 - 1312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hutchinson, L. H.-L. Lee, N. Gaab, and G. Schlaug Cerebellar Volume of Musicians Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2003; 13(9): 943 - 949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Susan. F. Tapert, E. H. Cheung, G. G. Brown, L. R. Frank, M. P. Paulus, A. D. Schweinsburg, M. J. Meloy, and S. A. Brown Neural Response to Alcohol Stimuli in Adolescents With Alcohol Use Disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 2003; 60(7): 727 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. D. Rosas, W. J. Koroshetz, Y. I. Chen, C. Skeuse, M. Vangel, M. E. Cudkowicz, K. Caplan, K. Marek, L. J. Seidman, N. Makris, et al. Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: An MRI-based morphometric analysis Neurology, May 27, 2003; 60(10): 1615 - 1620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Herbert, D. A. Ziegler, C. K. Deutsch, L. M. O'Brien, N. Lange, A. Bakardjiev, J. Hodgson, K. T. Adrien, S. Steele, N. Makris, et al. Dissociations of cerebral cortex, subcortical and cerebral white matter volumes in autistic boys Brain, May 1, 2003; 126(5): 1182 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Casey, K. M. Thomas, M. C. Davidson, K. Kunz, and P. L. Franzen Dissociating Striatal and Hippocampal Function Developmentally with a Stimulus-Response Compatibility Task J. Neurosci., October 1, 2002; 22(19): 8647 - 8652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. L. Strauss, A. S. Unis, C. Cowan, G. Dawson, and S. R. Dager Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurement of Brain Fluvoxamine and Fluoxetine in Pediatric Patients Treated for Pervasive Developmental Disorders Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2002; 159(5): 755 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Gur and R. E. Gur Neuroimaging Applications in Elderly Patients Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, February 1, 2002; 10(1): 5 - 11. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Gur, F. M. Gunning-Dixon, B. I. Turetsky, W. B. Bilker, and R. E. Gur Brain Region and Sex Differences in Age Association With Brain Volume: A Quantitative MRI Study of Healthy Young Adults Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, February 1, 2002; 10(1): 72 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Sowell, P. M. Thompson, D. Rex, D. Kornsand, K. D. Tessner, T. L. Jernigan, and A. W. Toga Mapping Sulcal Pattern Asymmetry and Local Cortical Surface Gray Matter Distribution In Vivo: Maturation in Perisylvian Cortices Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2002; 12(1): 17 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. D. Rosas, J. Goodman, Y. I. Chen, B. G. Jenkins, D. N. Kennedy, N. Makris, M. Patti, L. J. Seidman, M. F. Beal, and W. J. Koroshetz Striatal volume loss in HD as measured by MRI and the influence of CAG repeat Neurology, September 25, 2001; 57(6): 1025 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Mazziotta, A. Toga, A. Evans, P. Fox, J. Lancaster, K. Zilles, R. Woods, T. Paus, G. Simpson, B. Pike, et al. A Four-Dimensional Probabilistic Atlas of the Human Brain J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., September 1, 2001; 8(5): 401 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Courchesne, C. M. Karns, H. R. Davis, R. Ziccardi, R. A. Carper, Z. D. Tigue, H. J. Chisum, P. Moses, K. Pierce, C. Lord, et al. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: An MRI study Neurology, July 24, 2001; 57(2): 245 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. D. Gaillard, M. Pugliese, C. B. Grandin, S. H. Braniecki, P. Kondapaneni, K. Hunter, B. Xu, J. R. Petrella, L. Balsamo, and G. Basso Cortical localization of reading in normal children: An fMRI language study Neurology, July 10, 2001; 57(1): 47 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Goldstein, L. J. Seidman, N. J. Horton, N. Makris, D. N. Kennedy, V. S. Caviness Jr, S. V. Faraone, and M. T. Tsuang Normal Sexual Dimorphism of the Adult Human Brain Assessed by In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cereb Cortex, June 1, 2001; 11(6): 490 - 497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Matsuzawa, M. Matsui, T. Konishi, K. Noguchi, R. C. Gur, W. Bilker, and T. Miyawaki Age-related Volumetric Changes of Brain Gray and White Matter in Healthy Infants and Children Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2001; 11(4): 335 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Zimmerman, M. T. Abrams, J. D. Giuliano, M. B. Denckla, and H. S. Singer Subcortical volumes in girls with Tourette syndrome: Support for a gender effect Neurology, June 27, 2000; 54(12): 2224 - 2229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|