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Cerebral Cortex 1996; 6:207-214
© Oxford University Press 1996

research-article

Human Cingulate and Paracingulate Sulci: Pattern, Variability, Asymmetry, and Probabilistic Map

Tomás Paus1,, Francesco Tomaiuolo2, Naim Otaky1, David MacDonald1, Michael Petrides1, Jason Atlas1, Renée Morris1 and Alan C. Evans1

1Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, Canada, 2Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Universitá di Verona Verona, Italy

Address correspondence to Dr. Tomás Paus, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 284, Canada

Recent advances in functional neuroimaging of the human cerebral cortex revived interest in the study of the cortical morphology at both macro- and microscopic levels. By means of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in vivo images of the human brain can be acquired and used to aid localization of the functional maps. The goal of the present study was to determine variability in the occurrence and location of the cingulate sulcus (CS) and the paracingulate sulcus (PCS). Brain MRIs of 247 healthy young volunteers were obtained and tranformed into a standardized stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux. 1988). The CS and PCS were marked in 494 hemispheres using software capable of real-time movement through a 3-D volume. The markers were used to generate a probabilistic map of the CS and PCS. The individual MRI images were also evaluated for the presence and location of the following morphological features: the continuity of the CS, the presence of vertically oriented branches of the CS, the presence of the PCS, and the presence of the intralimbic sulcus. The results revealed considerable variability in the location of some of the above morphological features and a striking hemispheric asymmetry in the prominence of the PCS. The results of four previous blood-flow activation studies of speech control were used to illustrate the relevance of our morphological findings for functional neuroimaging of the human anterior cingulate cortex.


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