Skip Navigation

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (281)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rademacher, J.
Right arrow Articles by Galaburda, A. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rademacher, J.
Right arrow Articles by Galaburda, A. M.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

Cerebral Cortex 1993; 3:313-329
© Oxford University Press 1993

research-article

Topographical Variation of the Human Primary Cortices: Implications for Neuroimaging, Brain Mapping, and Neurobiology

J. Rademacher1,2, V. S. Caviness, Jr.2, H. Steinmetz2 and A. M. Galaburda3

1Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel and Children's Hospitals, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02215, 2Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114, 3Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 4000 Düsseldorf 1, Germany

The relationships of the "primary" cytoarchitectonic neocortical fields, 17, 41, 3b, and 4 (Brodmann areas), to salient topographic landmarks have been reconstructed from serial histological sections in 20 human cerebral hemispheres (10 brains). Each of these architactonic fields is found to boar a characteristic relationship to a set of enframing anatomic landmarks, in particular, gyri, fissures, and sulci, that can be readily defined by MRI. Two classes of variability were found characteristic, at least to some extent, of each of the fields. Class 1 variability—variability that is not predictable from visible landmarks—was typical of the polar and for the cuneal and lingual oxtracalcarino distributions of field 17 and the distribution of field 4 upon the paracentrel lobule. Class 2 variability—variability that is closely predictable from visible landmarks—is seen in the marked intenndividual or interhemisphenc variation in size or shape of a field and was found to be prominent for all four fields. Because of the prominence of class 2 variability, direct reference to the landmarks that frame these fields may he expected to be a more reliable basis for functional mapping than reference to a template or tereotactic coordinate-based system of reference to a standard or idealized brain.


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
E. Luders, K. L. Narr, R. M. Bilder, P. R. Szeszko, M. N. Gurbani, L. Hamilton, A. W. Toga, and C. Gaser
Mapping the Relationship between Cortical Convolution and Intelligence: Effects of Gender
Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2008; 18(9): 2019 - 2026.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
B. Fischl, N. Rajendran, E. Busa, J. Augustinack, O. Hinds, B.T. T. Yeo, H. Mohlberg, K. Amunts, and K. Zilles
Cortical Folding Patterns and Predicting Cytoarchitecture
Cereb Cortex, August 1, 2008; 18(8): 1973 - 1980.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeurologyHome page
A. E. Hillis, L. Gold, V. Kannan, L. Cloutman, J. T. Kleinman, M. Newhart, J. Heidler-Gary, C. Davis, E. Aldrich, R. Llinas, et al.
Site of the ischemic penumbra as a predictor of potential for recovery of functions
Neurology, July 15, 2008; 71(3): 184 - 189.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
J. Dubois, L. Hertz-Pannier, A. Cachia, J. F. Mangin, D. Le Bihan, and G. Dehaene-Lambertz
Structural Asymmetries in the Infant Language and Sensori-Motor Networks
Cereb Cortex, June 17, 2008; (2008) bhn097v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
G. Lohmann, D. Y. von Cramon, and A. C. F. Colchester
Deep Sulcal Landmarks Provide an Organizing Framework for Human Cortical Folding
Cereb Cortex, June 1, 2008; 18(6): 1415 - 1420.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
P. C.M. Wong, C. M. Warrier, V. B. Penhune, A. K. Roy, A. Sadehh, T. B. Parrish, and R. J. Zatorre
Volume of Left Heschl's Gyrus and Linguistic Pitch Learning
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2008; 18(4): 828 - 836.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
S. P. Kelly, M. Gomez-Ramirez, and J. J. Foxe
Spatial Attention Modulates Initial Afferent Activity in Human Primary Visual Cortex
Cereb Cortex, March 4, 2008; (2008) bhn022v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
O. Hinds, J. R. Polimeni, N. Rajendran, M. Balasubramanian, L. L. Wald, J. C. Augustinack, G. Wiggins, H. D. Rosas, B. Fischl, and E. L. Schwartz
The Intrinsic Shape of Human and Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
Cereb Cortex, February 27, 2008; (2008) bhn016v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeurologyHome page
A. E. Hillis
Aphasia: Progress in the last quarter of a century
Neurology, July 10, 2007; 69(2): 200 - 213.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Kayser, C. I. Petkov, M. Augath, and N. K. Logothetis
Functional Imaging Reveals Visual Modulation of Specific Fields in Auditory Cortex
J. Neurosci., February 21, 2007; 27(8): 1824 - 1835.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Cogn. Neurosci.Home page
A. E. Hillis, S. Chang, J. Heidler-Gary, M. Newhart, J. T. Kleinman, C. Davis, P. B. Barker, E. Aldrich, and L. Ken
Neural Correlates of Modality-specific Spatial Extinction.
J. Cogn. Neurosci., November 1, 2006; 18(11): 1889 - 1898.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
H. L. Jamison, K. E. Watkins, D. V. M. Bishop, and P. M. Matthews
Hemispheric Specialization for Processing Auditory Nonspeech Stimuli
Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2006; 16(9): 1266 - 1275.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BrainHome page
R. Dorsaint-Pierre, V. B. Penhune, K. E. Watkins, P. Neelin, J. P. Lerch, M. Bouffard, and R. J. Zatorre
Asymmetries of the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus: relationship to language lateralization
Brain, May 1, 2006; 129(5): 1164 - 1176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
K. Inui, H. Okamoto, K. Miki, A. Gunji, and R. Kakigi
Serial and Parallel Processing in the Human Auditory Cortex: A Magnetoencephalographic Study
Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2006; 16(1): 18 - 30.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
J. Annese, M.S. Gazzaniga, and A.W. Toga
Localization of the Human Cortical Visual Area MT Based on Computer Aided Histological Analysis
Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2005; 15(7): 1044 - 1053.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. I. Baker, E. Peli, N. Knouf, and N. G. Kanwisher
Reorganization of Visual Processing in Macular Degeneration
J. Neurosci., January 19, 2005; 25(3): 614 - 618.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. P. Harms, J. J. Guinan Jr., I. S. Sigalovsky, and J. R. Melcher
Short-Term Sound Temporal Envelope Characteristics Determine Multisecond Time Patterns of Activity in Human Auditory Cortex as Shown by fMRI
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2005; 93(1): 210 - 222.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
M. L. Seghier, C. Boex, F. Lazeyras, A. Sigrist, and M. Pelizzone
fMRI Evidence for Activation of Multiple Cortical Regions in the Primary Auditory Cortex of Deaf Subjects Users of Multichannel Cochlear Implants
Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 40 - 48.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BrainHome page
A. E. Hillis, M. Work, P. B. Barker, M. A. Jacobs, E. L. Breese, and K. Maurer
Re-examining the brain regions crucial for orchestrating speech articulation
Brain, July 1, 2004; 127(7): 1479 - 1487.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
A. Fornito, M. Yucel, S. Wood, G. W. Stuart, J.-A. Buchanan, T. Proffitt, V. Anderson, D. Velakoulis, and C. Pantelis
Individual Differences in Anterior Cingulate/Paracingulate Morphology Are Related to Executive Functions in Healthy Males
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2004; 14(4): 424 - 431.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
T. M. Talavage, M. I. Sereno, J. R. Melcher, P. J. Ledden, B. R. Rosen, and A. M. Dale
Tonotopic Organization in Human Auditory Cortex Revealed by Progressions of Frequency Sensitivity
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2004; 91(3): 1282 - 1296.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
J. T. Devlin, J. Raley, E. Tunbridge, K. Lanary, A. Floyer-Lea, C. Narain, I. Cohen, T. Behrens, P. Jezzard, P. M. Matthews, et al.
Functional Asymmetry for Auditory Processing in Human Primary Auditory Cortex
J. Neurosci., December 17, 2003; 23(37): 11516 - 11522.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J. F. Brugge, I. O. Volkov, P. C. Garell, R. A. Reale, and M. A. Howard III
Functional Connections Between Auditory Cortex on Heschl's Gyrus and on the Lateral Superior Temporal Gyrus in Humans
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2003; 90(6): 3750 - 3763.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
K. Emmorey, J. S. Allen, J. Bruss, N. Schenker, and H. Damasio
A morphometric analysis of auditory brain regions in congenitally deaf adults
PNAS, August 19, 2003; 100(17): 10049 - 10054.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IOVSHome page
B. Fortune and D. C. Hood
Conventional Pattern-Reversal VEPs Are Not Equivalent to Summed Multifocal VEPs
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2003; 44(3): 1364 - 1375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. P. Harms and J. R. Melcher
Sound Repetition Rate in the Human Auditory Pathway: Representations in the Waveshape and Amplitude of fMRI Activation
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2002; 88(3): 1433 - 1450.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. A. Porro, P. Baraldi, G. Pagnoni, M. Serafini, P. Facchin, M. Maieron, and P. Nichelli
Does Anticipation of Pain Affect Cortical Nociceptive Systems?
J. Neurosci., April 15, 2002; 22(8): 3206 - 3214.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 AJGPHome page
A. W. Toga and P. M. Thompson
New Approaches in Brain Morphometry
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, February 1, 2002; 10(1): 13 - 23.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
D. A Hall, I. S Johnsrude, M. P Haggard, A. R Palmer, M. A Akeroyd, and A. Q. Summerfield
Spectral and Temporal Processing in Human Auditory Cortex
Cereb Cortex, February 1, 2002; 12(2): 140 - 149.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. J. Tramo, G. D. Shah, and L. D. Braida
Functional Role of Auditory Cortex in Frequency Processing and Pitch Perception
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2002; 87(1): 122 - 139.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
A. Brechmann, F. Baumgart, and H. Scheich
Sound-Level-Dependent Representation of Frequency Modulations in Human Auditory Cortex: A Low-Noise fMRI Study
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2002; 87(1): 423 - 433.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BrainHome page
J. Rademacher, U. Burgel, S. Geyer, T. Schormann, A. Schleicher, H.-J. Freund, and K. Zilles
Variability and asymmetry in the human precentral motor system: A cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic brain mapping study
Brain, November 1, 2001; 124(11): 2232 - 2258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc.Home page
J. Mazziotta, A. Toga, A. Evans, P. Fox, J. Lancaster, K. Zilles, R. Woods, T. Paus, G. Simpson, B. Pike, et al.
A Four-Dimensional Probabilistic Atlas of the Human Brain
J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., September 1, 2001; 8(5): 401 - 430.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
R. J. Zatorre and V. B. Penhune
Spatial Localization after Excision of Human Auditory Cortex
J. Neurosci., August 15, 2001; 21(16): 6321 - 6328.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
B. Yvert, A. Crouzeix, O. Bertrand, A. Seither-Preisler, and C. Pantev
Multiple Supratemporal Sources of Magnetic and Electric Auditory Evoked Middle Latency Components in Humans
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2001; 11(5): 411 - 423.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
P. Hlustik, A. Solodkin, R. P. Gullapalli, D. C. Noll, and S. L. Small
Somatotopy in Human Primary Motor and Somatosensory Hand Representations Revisited
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2001; 11(4): 312 - 321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
P. M. Thompson, M. S. Mega, R. P. Woods, C. I. Zoumalan, C. J. Lindshield, R. E. Blanton, J. Moussai, C. J. Holmes, J. L. Cummings, and A. W. Toga
Cortical Change in Alzheimer's Disease Detected with a Disease-specific Population-based Brain Atlas
Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2001; 11(1): 1 - 16.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. E. Wheeler, S. E. Petersen, and R. L. Buckner
Memory's echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex
PNAS, September 26, 2000; 97(20): 11125 - 11129.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
S. O. Dumoulin, R. G. Bittar, N. J. Kabani, C. L. Baker Jr, G. Le Goualher, G. B. Pike, and A. C. Evans
A New Anatomical Landmark for Reliable Identification of Human Area V5/MT: a Quantitative Analysis of Sulcal Patterning
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2000; 10(5): 454 - 463.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
J.R. Binder, J.A. Frost, T.A. Hammeke, P.S.F. Bellgowan, J.A. Springer, J.N. Kaufman, and E.T. Possing
Human Temporal Lobe Activation by Speech and Nonspeech Sounds
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2000; 10(5): 512 - 528.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BrainHome page
I. S. Johnsrude, V. B. Penhune, and R. J. Zatorre
Functional specificity in the right human auditory cortex for perceiving pitch direction
Brain, January 1, 2000; 123(1): 155 - 163.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 RadiologyHome page
T. Yoshiura, S. Higano, A. Rubio, D. A. Shrier, W. E. Kwok, S. Iwanaga, and Y. Numaguchi
Heschl and Superior Temporal Gyri: Low Signal Intensity of the Cortex on T2-weighted MR Images of the Normal Brain1
Radiology, January 1, 2000; 214(1): 217 - 221.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
M.-H. Grosbras, E. Lobel, P.-F. Van de Moortele, D. LeBihan, and A. Berthoz
An Anatomical Landmark for the Supplementary Eye Fields in Human Revealed with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Cereb Cortex, October 1, 1999; 9(7): 705 - 711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
C. Liegeois-Chauvel, J. B. de Graaf, V. Laguitton, and P. Chauvel
Specialization of Left Auditory Cortex for Speech Perception in Man Depends on Temporal Coding
Cereb Cortex, July 1, 1999; 9(5): 484 - 496.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cereb CortexHome page
C.F. Westbury, R.J. Zatorre, and A.C. Evans
Quantifying Variability in the Planum Temporale: A Probability Map
Cereb Cortex, June 1, 1999; 9(4): 392 - 405.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
J. S. Kwon, R. W. McCarley, Y. Hirayasu, J. E. Anderson, I. A. Fischer, R. Kikinis, F. A. Jolesz, and M. E. Shenton
Left Planum Temporale Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia
Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 1999; 56(2): 142 - 148.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
C. A. Porro, V. Cettolo, M. P. Francescato, and P. Baraldi
Temporal and Intensity Coding of Pain in Human Cortex
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 1998; 80(6): 3312 - 3320.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. PsychiatryHome page
D. C. Rojas, P. Teale, J. Sheeder, J. Simon, and M. Reite
Sex-Specific Expression of Heschl's Gyrus Functional and Structural Abnormalities in Paranoid Schizophrenia
Am J Psychiatry, December 1, 1997; 154(12): 1655 - 1662.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
N. Kanwisher, J. McDermott, and M. M. Chun
The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception
J. Neurosci., June 1, 1997; 17(11): 4302 - 4311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
P. M. Thompson, C. Schwartz, R. T. Lin, A. A. Khan, and A. W. Toga
Three-Dimensional Statistical Analysis of Sulcal Variability in the Human Brain
J. Neurosci., July 1, 1996; 16(13): 4261 - 4274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Disclaimer:
Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.