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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on March 2, 2009
Cerebral Cortex 2009 19(11):2640-2650; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp015
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Cortical and Subcortical Mechanisms for Precisely Controlled Force Generation and Force Relaxation

Matthew B. Spraker1, Daniel M. Corcos1,2,3,4 and David E. Vaillancourt1,2,5

1 Departments of Bioengineering, 2 Kinesiology and Nutrition, 3 Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, 4 Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, 5 Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA

Address correspondence to David E. Vaillancourt, PhD, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St. 650 AHSB, M/C 994, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Email: court1{at}uic.edu.

Gripping objects during everyday manual tasks requires the coordination of muscle contractions and muscle relaxations. The vast majority of studies have focused on muscle contractions. Although previous work has examined the motor cortex during muscle relaxation, the role of brain areas beyond motor cortex remains to be elucidated. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to directly compare slow and precisely controlled force generation and force relaxation in humans. Contralateral primary motor cortex and bilateral caudate nucleus had greater activity during force generation compared with force relaxation. Conversely, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) had greater activity while relaxing force compared with generating force. Also, anterior cingulate cortex had greater deactivation while relaxing force compared with generating force. These findings were further strengthened by the fact that force output parameters such as the amplitude, rate, duration, variability, and error did not affect the brain imaging findings. These results demonstrate that the neural mechanisms underlying slow and precisely controlled force relaxation differ across prefrontal–striatal and motor cortical–striatal circuits. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the DLPFC is not only involved in slow and precisely controlled force generation, but has greater involvement in regulating slow and precisely controlled muscle relaxation.

Key Words: basal ganglia • force • motor cortex • prefrontal cortex • relaxation


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