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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on October 5, 2007
Cerebral Cortex 2008 18(6):1415-1420; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm174
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© 2007 The Authors
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Deep Sulcal Landmarks Provide an Organizing Framework for Human Cortical Folding

Gabriele Lohmann1, D. Yves von Cramon1 and Alan C. F. Colchester2

1 Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, 2 Kent Institute of Medicine and Health Sciences, Canterbury CT2 7PD, UK

Address correspondence to Gabriele Lohmann, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstr. 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Email: lohmann{at}cbs.mpg.de

The folding pattern of the cerebral cortex and its relation to functional areas is notoriously variable and there is a need to identify more consistent 3-dimensional (3D) topographical cortical features. We analyzed magnetic resonance brain images of 96 normal adult human volunteers using automated 3D image analysis methods. We examined the deeper parts of the sulci because they generally show less interindividual variability than more superficial parts, especially in monozygotic twins, and deepest parts of primary sulci are the first to develop embryologically and change least as the cortex expands. Along the length of each sulcus we found that there is generally one well-defined zone where depth is maximal, which we term the sulcal pit. Long sulci may have 2 or 3 pits. The spatial arrangement of pits is strikingly regular, forming alternating chains of deeper and shallower pits. We hypothesize that the pits are encoded in the protomap described in Rakic (1988. Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science. 241:170–176) and are under closer genetic control than the rest of the cortex and are likely to have a more consistent relationship to functional areas.

Key Words: cortical sulci • human cortical folding • magnetic resonance imaging • sulcal pits


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