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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on July 5, 2007
Cerebral Cortex 2008 18(3):718-726; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm108
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Neuroanatomical Correlates of Fluid Intelligence in Healthy Adults and Persons with Vascular Risk Factors

Naftali Raz1,2, Ulman Lindenberger3, Paolo Ghisletta4,5, Karen M. Rodrigue1,2, Kristen M. Kennedy1,2 and James D. Acker6

1 Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA, 2 Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA, 3 Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, D-14195, Germany, 4 Center for Interdisciplinary Gerontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland, 5 Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland, 6 Diagnostic Imaging Center, Baptist Memorial Hospital-East, Memphis, TN, 38138, USA

Address correspondence to Naftali Raz, Institute of Gerontology, 87 East Ferry Street, 226 Knapp Building, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. Email: nraz{at}wayne.edu.

The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of regional brain changes on cognitive decline and the modifying influence of vascular risk (VR) factors. We present latent difference score analyses of associations among 5-year changes in 12 regional brain volumes and age-sensitive cognitive functions in 87 adults (32 with identifiable VR factors). We found reliable individual differences in volume change for 11 of the 12 brain regions but not in the cognitive measures that showed average longitudinal decline. Thus, associations between rates of change in fluid intelligence and brain volumes could not be assessed. We observed, however, that lower levels of fluid intelligence were associated with smaller prefrontal and hippocampal volumes. Lower fluid intelligence scores were also linked to greater longitudinal shrinkage of the entorhinal cortex (EC). After accounting for the effects of age, sex, and VR factors, the orbitofrontal cortex and the prefrontal white matter (PFw) volumes as well as the 5-year change in the EC volume predicted fluid intelligence level. VR was independently associated with smaller prefrontal volumes and lower fluid intelligence. Thus, prefrontal and medial–temporal systems may play different roles in age-related differences and changes in cognitive performance.

Key Words: entorhinal cortex • fluid intelligence • hippocampus • longitudinal latent growth models • prefrontal cortex • white matter

The fifth sentence of the abstract has been updated.


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