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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on July 20, 2006
Cerebral Cortex 2007 17(6):1274-1282; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl036
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Extrahippocampal Contributions to Age Differences in Human Spatial Navigation

Scott D. Moffat1,2, Kristen M. Kennedy1,2, Karen M. Rodrigue1,2 and Naftali Raz1,2

1 Institute of Gerontology, 2 Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA

Address correspondence to email: moffat{at}wayne.edu.

The hippocampus (HC) and associated neural structures are hypothesized to contribute to individual differences in human spatial navigation. However, functional imaging studies and theoretical models underscore the importance of extrahippocampal regions as well. The purpose of the present study was to examine age differences in virtual environment navigation and to assess possible relationships between navigation and structural integrity of hippocampal and extrahippocampal brain regions. Healthy adult volunteers completed a virtual navigation task and underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess volumes of the caudate nucleus (CN), cerebellum, HC, prefrontal, and primary visual cortices. Results demonstrated robust age-related differences in place learning. Moreover, individual differences in regional brain volumes as well as performance on the tests of memory and executive functions contributed to age differences in human place learning. High performance in a virtual navigation task was associated with larger volume of the CN and prefrontal gray and white matter. Larger hippocampal volume was associated with improved performance in the young but not old participants. We conclude that human navigation requires both hippocampal and extrahippocampal brain systems and draws on executive resources for successful performance.

Key Words: aging • Alzheimer's disease • executive function • hippocampus • place learning • wandering


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