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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on July 20, 2005
Cerebral Cortex 2006 16(4):561-573; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj004
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Published by Oxford University Press 2005.

Neural Coding of Distinct Statistical Properties of Reward Information in Humans

Jean-Claude Dreher1,2, Philip Kohn1 and Karen Faith Berman1

1 Unit on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH, NIH, IRP, Bethesda, MD 892-365, USA and 2 Current address: Institute of Cognitive Science, CNRS-Université de Lyon 1, 67 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron, France

Address correspondence to J.-C. Dreher, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 67 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron, France. Email address: dreher{at}isc.cnrs.fr.

Brain processing of reward information is essential for complex functions such as learning and motivation. Recent primate electrophysiological studies using concepts from information, economic and learning theories indicate that the midbrain may code two statistical parameters of reward information: a transient reward error prediction signal that varies linearly with reward probability and a sustained signal that varies highly non-linearly with reward probability and that is highest with maximal reward uncertainty (reward probability = 0.5). Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we disentangled these two signals in humans using a novel paradigm that systematically varied monetary reward probability, magnitude and expected reward value. The midbrain was activated both transiently with the error prediction signal and in a sustained fashion with reward uncertainty. Moreover, distinct activity dynamics were observed in post-synaptic midbrain projection sites: the prefrontal cortex responded to the transient error prediction signal while the ventral striatum covaried with the sustained reward uncertainty signal. These data suggest that the prefrontal cortex may generate the reward prediction while the ventral striatum may be involved in motivational processes that are useful when an organism needs to obtain more information about its environment. Our results indicate that distinct functional brain networks code different aspects of the statistical properties of reward information in humans.

Key Words: dopamine • error prediction • fMRI • gambling • information theory • uncertainty


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