Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on July 6, 2005
Cerebral Cortex 2006 16(4):475-486; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi127
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Neural Evidence for Dissociable Components of Task-switching
1 Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, USA, 2 Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands and 3 Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA
Address correspondence to Eveline Crone, Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands. Email: ecrone{at}fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
The ability to retrieve and flexibly switch between task rules is seen as an important component of cognitive control. It is often assumed that lateral prefrontal cortex (latPFC) is important for switching between rules. However, activation associated with rule-switching is less reliably observed in latPFC than in medial PFC (specifically, pre-supplementary motor area). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that medial PFC is important for reconfiguration of task sets, whereas latPFC is important for retrieving, maintaining and implementing relevant rules (i.e. rule representation). Twenty young adults participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which they determined the correct response to a target stimulus on the basis of an instructional cue. For bivalent targets, the appropriate response depended on the currently relevant rule. In contrast, univalent targets were always associated with the same response. Brain regions of interest were characterized according to their responsiveness to bivalent and univalent targets, on both rule-switch and rule-repetition trials. The data support the hypothesis that rule representation and task-set reconfiguration are separable cognitive processes, associated with dissociable neural activation in latPFC and medial PFC, respectively. Activation profiles of posterior parietal cortex, basal ganglia and rostrolateral PFC are also examined and discussed.
Key Words: context • goal • pre-SMA • reconfiguration • rule • task set • task switching • VLPFC
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