Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on December 22, 2004
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(8):1089-1102; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi005
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© Oxford University Press 2005; all rights reserved
Feature Article |
Human Functional Neuroimaging of Brain Changes Associated with Practice
1 Department of Psychology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland and 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Address correspondence to Hugh Garavan, Department of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. Email: hugh.garavan{at}tcd.ie.
The discovery that experience-driven changes in the human brain can occur from a neural to a cortical level throughout the lifespan has stimulated a proliferation of research into how neural function changes in response to experience, enabled by neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Studies attempt to characterize these changes by examining how practice on a task affects the functional anatomy underlying performance. Results are incongruous, including patterns of increases, decreases and functional reorganization of regional activations. Following an extensive review of the practice-effects literature, we distinguish a number of factors affecting the pattern of practice effects observed, including the effects of task domain, changes at the level of behavioural and cognitive processes, the time-window of imaging and practice, and of a number of other influences and miscellaneous confounding factors. We make a novel distinction between patterns of reorganization and redistribution as effects of task practice on brain activation, and emphasize the need for careful attention to practice-related changes occurring on the behavioural, cognitive and neural levels of analysis. Finally, we suggest that functional and effective connectivity analyses may make important contributions to our understanding of changes in functional anatomy occurring as a result of practice on tasks.
Key Words: cortical plasticity • functional and effective connectivity • learning • neuroimaging/fMRI • practice effects
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