Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on August 18, 2004
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(4):431-447; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh146
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Cerebral Cortex V 15 N 4 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
The Reentry Hypothesis: The Putative Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field, Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex, and Areas V4, IT for Attention and Eye Movement
Allgemeine Psychologie, Psychologisches Institut II, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany and California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Division of Biology 139-74, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Address correspondence to Fred H. Hamker, Allgemeine Psychologie, Psychologisches Institut II, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany. Email: fhamker{at}uni-muenster.de.
Attention is known to play a key role in perception, including action selection, object recognition and memory. Despite findings revealing competitive interactions among cell populations, attention remains difficult to explain. The central purpose of this paper is to link up a large number of findings in a single computational approach. Our simulation results suggest that attention can be well explained on a network level involving many areas of the brain. We argue that attention is an emergent phenomenon that arises from reentry and competitive interactions. We hypothesize that guided visual search requires the usage of an object-specific template in prefrontal cortex to sensitize V4 and IT cells whose preferred stimuli match the target template. This induces a feature-specific bias and provides guidance for eye movements. Prior to an eye movement, a spatially organized reentry from occulomotor centers, specifically the movement cells of the frontal eye field, occurs and modulates the gain of V4 and IT cells. The processes involved are elucidated by quantitatively comparing the time course of simulated neural activity with experimental data. Using visual search tasks as an example, we provide clear and empirically testable predictions for the participation of IT, V4 and the frontal eye field in attention. Finally, we explain a possible physiological mechanism that can lead to non-flat search slopes as the result of a slow, parallel discrimination process.
Key Words: computational model • eye movements • feature-based attention • spatial attention • visual search
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