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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on July 6, 2004
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(3):299-302; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh131
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Cerebral Cortex V 15 N 3 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved

Suppressed Responses to Self-triggered Sounds in the Human Auditory Cortex

Mika H. Martikainen1, Ken-ichi Kaneko1,2 and Riitta Hari1,3

1 Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland and 3 Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland, 2 Present address: Department of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan

Address correspondence to Professor Riitta Hari, Brain Research Unit, Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015 HUT, Espoo, Finland. Email: hari{at}neuro.hut.fi.

Humans are assumed to predict the sensory consequences of their own actions by means of forward models that enable discrimination between self-produced and external sensory signals. Here we tested whether responses in the human auditory cortex would differ to self-triggered versus externally triggered tones. The responses were recorded with a whole-scalp neuromagnetometer from 12 healthy subjects who either themselves triggered a tone by pressing a button once every 5 s or passively listened to externally triggered tones, presented in an identical sound sequence. Sources of the auditory N100m responses, peaking ~90 ms after sound onset in the supratemporal auditory cortex, were significantly weaker to self-triggered than to externally triggered sounds (suppressions 24 ± 7% and 18 ± 4% in the left and right hemispheres, respectively). These results support the existence of a forward model that predicts the auditory consequences of the subject's own motor acts on the environment — even with a tool — and thereby enables discrimination between self-produced and external sounds.

Key Words: auditory evoked response • auditory cortex • efference copy • forward model • magnetoencephalography • sensorimotor • sound


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