Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on July 6, 2004
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(3):239-249; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh126
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Cerebral Cortex V 15 N 3 © Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved
Analogical Reasoning and Prefrontal Cortex: Evidence for Separable Retrieval and Integration Mechanisms
1 Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA, 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA and 3 Department of Psychology and Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Address correspondence to Silvia A. Bunge, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, 202 Cousteau Place, Suite 201, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Sabunge{at}ucdavis.edu.
The present study examined the contributions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) subregions to two component processes underlying verbal analogical reasoning: semantic retrieval and integration. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired while subjects performed propositional analogy and semantic decision tasks. On each trial, subjects viewed a pair of words (pair 1), followed by an instructional cue and a second word pair (pair 2). On analogy trials, subjects evaluated whether pair 2 was semantically analogous to pair 1. On semantic trials, subjects indicated whether the pair 2 words were semantically related to each other. Thus, analogy — but not semantic — trials required integration across multiple retrieved relations. To identify regions involved in semantic retrieval, we manipulated the associative strength of pair 1 words in both tasks. Anterior left inferior PFC (aLIPC) was modulated by associative strength, consistent with a role in controlled semantic retrieval. Left frontopolar cortex was insensitive to associative strength, but was more sensitive to integration demands than was aLIPC, consistent with a role in integrating the products of semantic retrieval to evaluate whether distinct representations are analogous. Right dorsolateral PFC exhibited a profile consistent with a role in response selection rather than retrieval or integration. These findings indicate that verbal analogical reasoning depends on multiple, PFC-mediated computations.
Key Words: analogies • anterior prefrontal • frontopolar cortex • inferior frontal • semantic memory
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