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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on March 9, 2005
Cerebral Cortex 2005 15(12):1848-1854; doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi062
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org

White Matter Development During Childhood and Adolescence: A Cross-sectional Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Naama Barnea-Goraly1, Vinod Menon1,2,3, Mark Eckert1, Leanne Tamm4, Roland Bammer5, Asya Karchemskiy1, Christopher C. Dant1 and Allan L. Reiss1

1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, 2 Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, 3 Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA, 4 Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868, USA and 5 Lucas MRS/I Center Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

Address correspondence to Naama Barnea-Goraly, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Email: naamab{at}stanford.edu

Maturation of brain white matter pathways is an important factor in cognitive, behavioral, emotional and motor development during childhood and adolescence. In this study, we investigate white matter maturation as reflected by changes in anisotropy and white matter density with age. Thirty-four children and adolescents aged 6–19 years received diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Among these, 30 children and adolescents also received high-resolution T1-weighed anatomical scans. A linear regression model was used to correlate fractional anisotropy (FA) values with age on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Within the regions that showed significant FA changes with age, a post hoc analysis was performed to investigate white matter density changes. With increasing age, FA values increased in prefrontal regions, in the internal capsule as well as in basal ganglia and thalamic pathways, the ventral visual pathways, and the corpus callosum. The posterior limb of the internal capsule, intrathalamic connections, and the corpus callosum showed the most significant overlaps between white matter density and FA changes with age. This study demonstrates that during childhood and adolescence, white matter anisotropy changes in brain regions that are important for attention, motor skills, cognitive ability, and memory. This typical developmental trajectory may be altered in individuals with disorders of development, cognition and behavior.

Key Words: brain • DTI • MRI • voxel-based morphometry • white matter density


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