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Cerebral Cortex Advance Access originally published online on April 14, 2004
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Cerebral Cortex July 2004; 14:703-712
© Oxford University Press 2004

Article

Prefrontal Cortical Activation Associated with Working Memory in Adults and Preschool Children: An Event-related Optical Topography Study

Satoshi Tsujimoto1,2, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto3, Hideo Kawaguchi3, Hideaki Koizumi3 and Toshiyuki Sawaguchi1,2

1 Laboratory of Cognitive Neurobiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan, 2 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, 3 Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd, 2520, Akanuma, Saitama 350-0395, Japan

It is well known that lateral areas of the prefrontal cortex (LPFC) play a central role in working memory (a critical basis of various cognitive functions), but it remains unknown whether the LPFC of children of preschool age is responsible for working memory. To address this issue, we adopted a recently developed non-invasive imaging technique, optical topography (OT), which can potentially be applied to functional mapping in childhood. We firstly examined changes of activity in the LPFC using OT while adult subjects performed an item-recognition task, which requires working memory, under different memory-load conditions. We observed activation in the bilateral LPFC during performance of this task, the magnitude of which differed depending on memory-load. Then, we applied the same technique on 5- and 6-year-old children and observed the activation associated with working memory in the LPFC. Areas and properties of such activity were similar in adults and preschool children. Thus, for the first time, we demonstrate that the LPFC of preschoolers is active during working memory processes, indicating that in 5- and 6-year-old children, the LPFC has already developed processing of this important cognitive function.


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