Cerebral Cortex November 2003; 13:1196-1207
© Oxford University Press 2003
Timing and Neural Encoding of Somatosensory Parametric Working Memory in Macaque Prefrontal Cortex
1 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA, 2 Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-253, C.P. 04510 México, D.F. México
We trained monkeys to compare the frequencies of two mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the tip of a finger and to report which of the two stimuli had the higher frequency. This task requires remembering the first frequency during the delay period between the two stimuli. Recordings were made from neurons in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) while the monkeys performed the task. We report neurons that fire persistently during the delay period, with a firing rate that is a monotonic function of the frequency of the first stimulus. Separately from, and in addition to, their correlation with the first stimulus, the delay period firing rates of these neurons were correlated with the behavior of the monkey, in a manner consistent with their interpretation as the neural substrate of working memory during the task. Most neurons had firing rates that varied systematically with time during the delay period. We suggest that this time-dependent activity may encode time itself and may be an intrinsic part of active memory maintenance mechanisms.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. K. Jun, P. Miller, A. Hernandez, A. Zainos, L. Lemus, C. D. Brody, and R. Romo Heterogenous Population Coding of a Short-Term Memory and Decision Task J. Neurosci., January 20, 2010; 30(3): 916 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. K. Machens, R. Romo, and C. D. Brody Functional, But Not Anatomical, Separation of "What" and "When" in Prefrontal Cortex J. Neurosci., January 6, 2010; 30(1): 350 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Z. Jin, N. Fujii, and A. M. Graybiel Neural representation of time in cortico-basal ganglia circuits PNAS, November 10, 2009; 106(45): 19156 - 19161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lemus, A. Hernandez, and R. Romo Neural codes for perceptual discrimination of acoustic flutter in the primate auditory cortex PNAS, June 9, 2009; 106(23): 9471 - 9476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Chow, R. Romo, and C. D. Brody Context-Dependent Modulation of Functional Connectivity: Secondary Somatosensory Cortex to Prefrontal Cortex Connections in Two-Stimulus-Interval Discrimination Tasks J. Neurosci., June 3, 2009; 29(22): 7238 - 7245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Tudusciuc and A. Nieder Contributions of Primate Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices to Length and Numerosity Representation J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2009; 101(6): 2984 - 2994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Narayanan and M. Laubach Delay Activity in Rodent Frontal Cortex During a Simple Reaction Time Task J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2009; 101(6): 2859 - 2871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. K. Berdyyeva and C. R. Olson Monkey Supplementary Eye Field Neurons Signal the Ordinal Position of Both Actions and Objects J. Neurosci., January 21, 2009; 29(3): 591 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sakamoto, H. Mushiake, N. Saito, K. Aihara, M. Yano, and J. Tanji Discharge Synchrony during the Transition of Behavioral Goal Representations Encoded by Discharge Rates of Prefrontal Neurons Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2008; 18(9): 2036 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Lebedev, J. E. O'Doherty, and M. A. L. Nicolelis Decoding of Temporal Intervals From Cortical Ensemble Activity J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2008; 99(1): 166 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lemus, A. Hernandez, R. Luna, A. Zainos, V. Nacher, and R. Romo Neural correlates of a postponed decision report PNAS, October 23, 2007; 104(43): 17174 - 17179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Tudusciuc and A. Nieder Neuronal population coding of continuous and discrete quantity in the primate posterior parietal cortex PNAS, September 4, 2007; 104(36): 14513 - 14518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Carter and X.-J. Wang Cannabinoid-Mediated Disinhibition and Working Memory: Dynamical Interplay of Multiple Feedback Mechanisms in a Continuous Attractor Model of Prefrontal Cortex Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2007; 17(suppl_1): i16 - i26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Okamoto, Y. Isomura, M. Takada, and T. Fukai Temporal Integration by Stochastic Recurrent Network Dynamics With Bimodal Neurons J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2007; 97(6): 3859 - 3867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nieder and K. Merten A Labeled-Line Code for Small and Large Numerosities in the Monkey Prefrontal Cortex J. Neurosci., May 30, 2007; 27(22): 5986 - 5993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Procyk and P. S Goldman-Rakic Modulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Delay Activity during Self-Organized Behavior. J. Neurosci., November 1, 2006; 26(44): 11313 - 11323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. de Lafuente and R. Romo Inaugural Article: Neural correlate of subjective sensory experience gradually builds up across cortical areas PNAS, September 26, 2006; 103(39): 14266 - 14271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Miller and X.-J. Wang Power-Law Neuronal Fluctuations in a Recurrent Network Model of Parametric Working Memory J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2006; 95(2): 1099 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Miller and X.-J. Wang From the Cover: Inhibitory control by an integral feedback signal in prefrontal cortex: A model of discrimination between sequential stimuli PNAS, January 3, 2006; 103(1): 201 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Garraux, C. McKinney, T. Wu, K. Kansaku, G. Nolte, and M. Hallett Shared Brain Areas But Not Functional Connections Controlling Movement Timing and Order J. Neurosci., June 1, 2005; 25(22): 5290 - 5297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Machens, R. Romo, and C. D. Brody Flexible Control of Mutual Inhibition: A Neural Model of Two-Interval Discrimination Science, February 18, 2005; 307(5712): 1121 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Hebert and P. K. Dash Plasticity in the Entorhinal Cortex Suppresses Memory for Contextual Fear J. Neurosci., November 10, 2004; 24(45): 10111 - 10116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nieder and E. K. Miller A parieto-frontal network for visual numerical information in the monkey PNAS, May 11, 2004; 101(19): 7457 - 7462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Reutimann, V. Yakovlev, S. Fusi, and W. Senn Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event-Based Cortical Representation of Time J. Neurosci., March 31, 2004; 24(13): 3295 - 3303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Aksay, G. Major, M. S. Goldman, R. Baker, H. S. Seung, and D. W. Tank History Dependence of Rate Covariation between Neurons during Persistent Activity in an Oculomotor Integrator Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2003; 13(11): 1173 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|