Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 10, No. 3, 284-294,
March 2000
© 2000 Oxford University Press
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
The primate orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented. It also contains the secondary and tertiary olfactory cortical areas, in which information about the identity and also about the reward value of odors is represented. The orbitofrontal cortex also receives information about the sight of objects and faces from the temporal lobe cortical visual areas, and neurons in it learn and reverse the visual stimulus to which they respond when the association of the visual stimulus with a primary reinforcing stimulus (such as a taste reward) is reversed. However, the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in representing negative reinforcers (punishers) too, such as aversive taste, and in rapid stimulus–reinforcement association learning for both positive and negative primary reinforcers. In complementary neuroimaging studies in humans it is being found that areas of the orbitofrontal cortex (and connected subgenual cingulate cortex) are activated by pleasant touch, by painful touch, by rewarding and aversive taste, and by odor. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex in humans can impair the learning and reversal of stimulus– reinforcement associations, and thus the correction of behavioral responses when these are no longer appropriate because previous reinforcement contingencies change. This evidence thus shows that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decoding and representing some primary reinforcers such as taste and touch; in learning and reversing associations of visual and other stimuli to these primary reinforcers; and in controlling and correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Lotfipour, E. Ferguson, G. Leonard, M. Perron, B. Pike, L. Richer, J. R. Seguin, R. Toro, S. Veillette, Z. Pausova, et al. Orbitofrontal Cortex and Drug Use During Adolescence: Role of Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Smoking and BDNF Genotype Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2009; 66(11): 1244 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.F. Geier, R. Terwilliger, T. Teslovich, K. Velanova, and B. Luna Immaturities in Reward Processing and Its Influence on Inhibitory Control in Adolescence Cereb Cortex, October 29, 2009; (2009) bhp225v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Freeman, N. O. Rule, R. B. Adams Jr, and N. Ambady The Neural Basis of Categorical Face Perception: Graded Representations of Face Gender in Fusiform and Orbitofrontal Cortices Cereb Cortex, September 18, 2009; (2009) bhp195v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Whittle, M. B. H. Yap, M. Yucel, L. Sheeber, J. G. Simmons, C. Pantelis, and N. B. Allen Maternal responses to adolescent positive affect are associated with adolescents' reward neuroanatomy Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, September 1, 2009; 4(3): 247 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Eddington, F. Dolcos, A. N. McLean, K. R. Krishnan, R. Cabeza, and T. J. Strauman Neural correlates of idiographic goal priming in depression: goal-specific dysfunctions in the orbitofrontal cortex Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, September 1, 2009; 4(3): 238 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Xue, Z. Lu, I. P. Levin, J. A. Weller, X. Li, and A. Bechara Functional Dissociations of Risk and Reward Processing in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2009; 19(5): 1019 - 1027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Van Leijenhorst, K. Zanolie, C. S. Van Meel, P. M. Westenberg, S. A.R.B. Rombouts, and E. A. Crone What Motivates the Adolescent? Brain Regions Mediating Reward Sensitivity across Adolescence Cereb Cortex, April 30, 2009; (2009) bhp078v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Jocham, T. A. Klein, J. Neumann, D. Y. von Cramon, M. Reuter, and M. Ullsperger Dopamine DRD2 Polymorphism Alters Reversal Learning and Associated Neural Activity J. Neurosci., March 25, 2009; 29(12): 3695 - 3704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Seo and D. Lee Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of Conditioned Reinforcers J. Neurosci., March 18, 2009; 29(11): 3627 - 3641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. C. Schultheiss, M. M. Wirth, C. E. Waugh, S. J. Stanton, E. A. Meier, and P. Reuter-Lorenz Exploring the motivational brain: effects of implicit power motivation on brain activation in response to facial expressions of emotion Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, December 1, 2008; 3(4): 333 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Di Martino, A. Scheres, D.S. Margulies, A.M.C. Kelly, L.Q. Uddin, Z. Shehzad, B. Biswal, J.R. Walters, F.X. Castellanos, and M.P. Milham Functional Connectivity of Human Striatum: A Resting State fMRI Study Cereb Cortex, December 1, 2008; 18(12): 2735 - 2747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Homayoun and B. Moghaddam Orbitofrontal cortex neurons as a common target for classic and glutamatergic antipsychotic drugs PNAS, November 18, 2008; 105(46): 18041 - 18046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. D Volkow, G.-J. Wang, J. S Fowler, and F. Telang Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology Phil Trans R Soc B, October 12, 2008; 363(1507): 3191 - 3200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. LoPresti, K. Schon, M. D. Tricarico, J. D. Swisher, K. A. Celone, and C. E. Stern Working Memory for Social Cues Recruits Orbitofrontal Cortex and Amygdala: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Delayed Matching to Sample for Emotional Expressions J. Neurosci., April 2, 2008; 28(14): 3718 - 3728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J. Feeney and M. Ylvisaker Context-Sensitive Cognitive-Behavioral Supports for Young Children With TBI: A Second Replication Study Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, April 1, 2008; 10(2): 115 - 128. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Weiler, C. Bellebaum, and I. Daum Aging affects acquisition and reversal of reward-based associative learning Learn. Mem., April 1, 2008; 15(4): 190 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Bellebaum, B. Koch, M. Schwarz, and I. Daum Focal basal ganglia lesions are associated with impairments in reward-based reversal learning Brain, March 1, 2008; 131(3): 829 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Tanji and E. Hoshi Role of the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Executive Behavioral Control Physiol Rev, January 1, 2008; 88(1): 37 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Fellows and M. J. Farah The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making: Judgment under Uncertainty or Judgment Per Se? Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2007; 17(11): 2669 - 2674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Plassmann, J. O'Doherty, and A. Rangel Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Willingness to Pay in Everyday Economic Transactions J. Neurosci., September 12, 2007; 27(37): 9984 - 9988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Williams and E. Gordon Dynamic Organization of the Emotional Brain: Responsivity, Stability, and Instability Neuroscientist, August 1, 2007; 13(4): 349 - 370. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Lee, M. F. S. Rushworth, M. E. Walton, M. Watanabe, and M. Sakagami Functional Specialization of the Primate Frontal Cortex during Decision Making J. Neurosci., August 1, 2007; 27(31): 8170 - 8173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. H. Kennedy, J. Z. Konarski, Z. V. Segal, M. A. Lau, P. J. Bieling, R. S. McIntyre, and H. S. Mayberg Differences in Brain Glucose Metabolism Between Responders to CBT and Venlafaxine in a 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial Am J Psychiatry, May 1, 2007; 164(5): 778 - 788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bray and J. O'Doherty Neural Coding of Reward-Prediction Error Signals During Classical Conditioning With Attractive Faces J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 3036 - 3045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Thielscher and L. Pessoa Neural Correlates of Perceptual Choice and Decision Making during Fear-Disgust Discrimination J. Neurosci., March 14, 2007; 27(11): 2908 - 2917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Roesch, T. A. Stalnaker, and G. Schoenbaum Associative Encoding in Anterior Piriform Cortex versus Orbitofrontal Cortex during Odor Discrimination and Reversal Learning Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2007; 17(3): 643 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lewis, H. Critchley, P Rotshtein, and R. Dolan Neural Correlates of Processing Valence and Arousal in Affective Words Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2007; 17(3): 742 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. N. Hampton and J. P. O'Doherty Decoding the neural substrates of reward-related decision making with functional MRI PNAS, January 23, 2007; 104(4): 1377 - 1382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Drabant, A. R. Hariri, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, K. E. Munoz, V. S. Mattay, B. S. Kolachana, M. F. Egan, and D. R. Weinberger Catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met Genotype and Neural Mechanisms Related to Affective Arousal and Regulation Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2006; 63(12): 1396 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Tindell, K. S. Smith, S. Pecina, K. C. Berridge, and J. W. Aldridge Ventral Pallidum Firing Codes Hedonic Reward: When a Bad Taste Turns Good J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2006; 96(5): 2399 - 2409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Remijnse, M. M. A. Nielen, A. J. L. M. van Balkom, D. C. Cath, P. van Oppen, H. B. M. Uylings, and D. J. Veltman Reduced orbitofrontal-striatal activity on a reversal learning task in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2006; 63(11): 1225 - 1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. O'Reilly Biologically based computational models of high-level cognition. Science, October 6, 2006; 314(5796): 91 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T Rolls Brain mechanisms underlying flavour and appetite Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1123 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Levy and B. Dubois Apathy and the Functional Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex-Basal Ganglia Circuits Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2006; 16(7): 916 - 928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Fellows Deciding how to decide: ventromedial frontal lobe damage affects information acquisition in multi-attribute decision making Brain, April 1, 2006; 129(4): 944 - 952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Shuler and M. F. Bear Reward timing in the primary visual cortex. Science, March 17, 2006; 311(5767): 1606 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kruger, M. Alda, L. T. Young, K. Goldapple, S. Parikh, and H. S. Mayberg Risk and Resilience Markers in Bipolar Disorder: Brain Responses to Emotional Challenge in Bipolar Patients and Their Healthy Siblings Am J Psychiatry, February 1, 2006; 163(2): 257 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Gutierrez, J. M. Carmena, M. A. L. Nicolelis, and S. A. Simon Orbitofrontal Ensemble Activity Monitors Licking and Distinguishes Among Natural Rewards J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2006; 95(1): 119 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Rosen, S. C. Allison, G. F. Schauer, M. L. Gorno-Tempini, M. W. Weiner, and B. L. Miller Neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural disorders in dementia Brain, November 1, 2005; 128(11): 2612 - 2625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Protopopescu, H. Pan, M. Altemus, O. Tuescher, M. Polanecsky, B. McEwen, D. Silbersweig, and E. Stern Orbitofrontal cortex activity related to emotional processing changes across the menstrual cycle PNAS, November 1, 2005; 102(44): 16060 - 16065. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Gorrindo, R.J.R. Blair, S. Budhani, D. P. Dickstein, D. S. Pine, and E. Leibenluft Deficits on a Probabilistic Response-Reversal Task in Patients With Pediatric Bipolar Disorder Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 162(10): 1975 - 1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Roesch and C. R. Olson Neuronal Activity in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Reflects the Value of Time J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2005; 94(4): 2457 - 2471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Simmons, A. Martin, and L. W. Barsalou Pictures of Appetizing Foods Activate Gustatory Cortices for Taste and Reward Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2005; 15(10): 1602 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Wellman, K. Gale, and L. Malkova GABAA-Mediated Inhibition of Basolateral Amygdala Blocks Reward Devaluation in Macaques J. Neurosci., May 4, 2005; 25(18): 4577 - 4586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. McDannald, M. P. Saddoris, M. Gallagher, and P. C. Holland Lesions of Orbitofrontal Cortex Impair Rats' Differential Outcome Expectancy Learning But Not Conditioned Stimulus-Potentiated Feeding J. Neurosci., May 4, 2005; 25(18): 4626 - 4632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H Kaas The future of mapping sensory cortex in primates: three of many remaining issues Phil Trans R Soc B, April 29, 2005; 360(1456): 653 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. L. Cox, A. Andrade, and I. S. Johnsrude Learning to Like: A Role for Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Conditioned Reward J. Neurosci., March 9, 2005; 25(10): 2733 - 2740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Sawamura, T. Sawamura-Yamamoto, Y. Ozeki, C. A. Ross, and A. Sawa A form of DISC1 enriched in nucleus: Altered subcellular distribution in orbitofrontal cortex in psychosis and substance/alcohol abuse PNAS, January 25, 2005; 102(4): 1187 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, A Scinska, W Kuran, D Ryglewicz, A Rogowski, E Wrobel, A Korkosz, A Kukwa, W Kostowski, and P Bienkowski Taste responses in patients with Parkinson's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2005; 76(1): 40 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Fellows and M. J. Farah Different Underlying Impairments in Decision-making Following Ventromedial and Dorsolateral Frontal Lobe Damage in Humans Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 58 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Deco and E. T. Rolls Synaptic and Spiking Dynamics underlying Reward Reversal in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2005; 15(1): 15 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. T. Rolls Taste and Related Systems in Primates Including Humans Chem Senses, January 1, 2005; 30(suppl_1): i76 - i77. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Wilson, A. R. Best, and R. M. Sullivan Plasticity in the Olfactory System: Lessons for the Neurobiology of Memory Neuroscientist, December 1, 2004; 10(6): 513 - 524. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. K. Fellows The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Decision Making: A Review and Conceptual Framework Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, September 1, 2004; 3(3): 159 - 172. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Small, J. Voss, Y. E. Mak, K. B. Simmons, T. Parrish, and D. Gitelman Experience-Dependent Neural Integration of Taste and Smell in the Human Brain J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2004; 92(3): 1892 - 1903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Sotres-Bayon, D. E.A. Bush, and J. E. LeDoux Emotional Perseveration: An Update on Prefrontal-Amygdala Interactions in Fear Extinction Learn. Mem., September 1, 2004; 11(5): 525 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. McClure, M. K. York, and P. R. Montague The Neural Substrates of Reward Processing in Humans: The Modern Role of fMRI Neuroscientist, June 1, 2004; 10(3): 260 - 268. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Camille, G. Coricelli, J. Sallet, P. Pradat-Diehl, J.-R. Duhamel, and A. Sirigu The Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in the Experience of Regret Science, May 21, 2004; 304(5674): 1167 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. F. Clarke, J. W. Dalley, H. S. Crofts, T. W. Robbins, and A. C. Roberts Cognitive Inflexibility After Prefrontal Serotonin Depletion Science, May 7, 2004; 304(5672): 878 - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Berlin, E. T. Rolls, and U. Kischka Impulsivity, time perception, emotion and reinforcement sensitivity in patients with orbitofrontal cortex lesions Brain, May 1, 2004; 127(5): 1108 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Roesch and C. R. Olson Neuronal Activity Related to Reward Value and Motivation in Primate Frontal Cortex Science, April 9, 2004; 304(5668): 307 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kawabata and S. Zeki Neural Correlates of Beauty J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2004; 91(4): 1699 - 1705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. E. de Araujo and E. T. Rolls Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat J. Neurosci., March 24, 2004; 24(12): 3086 - 3093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.L. Kringelbach, J. O'Doherty, E.T. Rolls, and C. Andrews Activation of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex to a Liquid Food Stimulus is Correlated with its Subjective Pleasantness Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2003; 13(10): 1064 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Chudasama and T. W. Robbins Dissociable Contributions of the Orbitofrontal and Infralimbic Cortex to Pavlovian Autoshaping and Discrimination Reversal Learning: Further Evidence for the Functional Heterogeneity of the Rodent Frontal Cortex J. Neurosci., September 24, 2003; 23(25): 8771 - 8780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Bohn, C. Giertler, and W. Hauber NMDA Receptors in the Rat Orbital Prefrontal Cortex are Involved in Guidance of Instrumental Behaviour under Reversal Conditions Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2003; 13(9): 968 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Roesch and C. R. Olson Impact of Expected Reward on Neuronal Activity in Prefrontal Cortex, Frontal and Supplementary Eye Fields and Premotor Cortex J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2003; 90(3): 1766 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. O'Doherty, H. Critchley, R. Deichmann, and R. J. Dolan Dissociating Valence of Outcome from Behavioral Control in Human Orbital and Ventral Prefrontal Cortices J. Neurosci., August 27, 2003; 23(21): 7931 - 7939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Blundell, G. Hall, and S. Killcross Preserved Sensitivity to Outcome Value after Lesions of the Basolateral Amygdala J. Neurosci., August 20, 2003; 23(20): 7702 - 7709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Fellows and M. J. Farah Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm Brain, August 1, 2003; 126(8): 1830 - 1837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Rolls, K. Inoue, and A. Browning Activity of Primate Subgenual Cingulate Cortex Neurons Is Related to Sleep J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2003; 90(1): 134 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hornak, J. Bramham, E. T. Rolls, R. G. Morris, J. O'Doherty, P. R. Bullock, and C. E. Polkey Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices Brain, July 1, 2003; 126(7): 1691 - 1712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Piefke, P. H. Weiss, K. Zilles, H. J. Markowitsch, and G. R. Fink Differential remoteness and emotional tone modulate the neural correlates of autobiographical memory Brain, March 1, 2003; 126(3): 650 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.T. Rolls, J. O'Doherty, M.L. Kringelbach, S. Francis, R. Bowtell, and F. McGlone Representations of Pleasant and Painful Touch in the Human Orbitofrontal and Cingulate Cortices Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2003; 13(3): 308 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. W. Balleine, A. S. Killcross, and A. Dickinson The Effect of Lesions of the Basolateral Amygdala on Instrumental Conditioning J. Neurosci., January 15, 2003; 23(2): 666 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Tapp, C. T. Siwak, J. Estrada, E. Head, B. A. Muggenburg, C. W. Cotman, and N. W. Milgram Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging Learn. Mem., January 1, 2003; 10(1): 64 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. R. Lovallo and W. Gerin Psychophysiological Reactivity: Mechanisms and Pathways to Cardiovascular Disease Psychosom Med, January 1, 2003; 65(1): 36 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Berthoz, J. L. Armony, R. J. R. Blair, and R. J. Dolan An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms Brain, August 1, 2002; 125(8): 1696 - 1708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Del Parigi, K. Chen, J.-F. Gautier, A. D Salbe, R. E Pratley, E. Ravussin, E. M Reiman, and P A. Tataranni Sex differences in the human brain's response to hunger and satiation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2002; 75(6): 1017 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Baldwin, K. Sadeghian, and A. E. Kelley Appetitive Instrumental Learning Requires Coincident Activation of NMDA and Dopamine D1 Receptors within the Medial Prefrontal Cortex J. Neurosci., February 1, 2002; 22(3): 1063 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Rosen, M. L. Gorno-Tempini, W. P. Goldman, R. J. Perry, N. Schuff, M. Weiner, R. Feiwell, J. H. Kramer, and B. L. Miller Patterns of brain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia Neurology, January 22, 2002; 58(2): 198 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Morris and R. J. Dolan Involvement of Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Hunger-Enhanced Memory for Food Stimuli J. Neurosci., July 15, 2001; 21(14): 5304 - 5310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Schneider, U. Habel, M. Wagner, P. Franke, J. B. Salloum, N. J. Shah, I. Toni, C. Sulzbach, K. Honig, W. Maier, et al. Subcortical Correlates of Craving in Recently Abstinent Alcoholic Patients Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 2001; 158(7): 1075 - 1083. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Rolls The Rules of Formation of the Olfactory Representations Found in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Areas in Primates Chem Senses, June 1, 2001; 26(5): 595 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Berns, S. M. McClure, G. Pagnoni, and P. R. Montague Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward J. Neurosci., April 15, 2001; 21(8): 2793 - 2798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. DeBonis, M. Ylvisaker, and D. K. Kundert The relationship between ADHD theory and practice: A preliminary investigation J Atten Disord, November 1, 2000; 4(3): 161 - 173. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bechara, D. Tranel, and H. Damasio Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions Brain, November 1, 2000; 123(11): 2189 - 2202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Schultz, L. Tremblay, and J. R. Hollerman Reward Processing in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2000; 10(3): 272 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. London, M. Ernst, S. Grant, K. Bonson, and A. Weinstein Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2000; 10(3): 334 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|