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Cerebral Cortex 1991; 1:1-47
© Oxford University Press 1991


research-article

Distributed Hierarchical Processing in the Primate Cerebral Cortex

Daniel J. Felleman1 and David C. Van Essen2,

1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School Houston, Texas 77030, 2Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California 91125

Address correspondence to Dr. Van Essen, Division of Biology, 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125.

In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of iden tified connections hetween areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been reported. This represents 31% of the possible number of pathways it each area were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to he closer to 40%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections be tween areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40%. Based on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of visual areas and of somato sensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive thao those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14 levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy, there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10% of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or uncertainties in the reported assignment.


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S. R. Jones, D. L. Pritchett, S. M. Stufflebeam, M. Hamalainen, and C. I. Moore
Neural Correlates of Tactile Detection: A Combined Magnetoencephalography and Biophysically Based Computational Modeling Study
J. Neurosci., October 3, 2007; 27(40): 10751 - 10764.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
C. Cadieu, M. Kouh, A. Pasupathy, C. E. Connor, M. Riesenhuber, and T. Poggio
A Model of V4 Shape Selectivity and Invariance
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2007; 98(3): 1733 - 1750.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. E. Larkum, J. Waters, B. Sakmann, and F. Helmchen
Dendritic Spikes in Apical Dendrites of Neocortical Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons
J. Neurosci., August 22, 2007; 27(34): 8999 - 9008.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Jinno, T. Klausberger, L. F. Marton, Y. Dalezios, J. D. B. Roberts, P. Fuentealba, E. A. Bushong, D. Henze, G. Buzsaki, and P. Somogyi
Neuronal Diversity in GABAergic Long-Range Projections from the Hippocampus
J. Neurosci., August 15, 2007; 27(33): 8790 - 8804.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. S. Beauchamp, N. E. Yasar, N. Kishan, and T. Ro
Human MST But Not MT Responds to Tactile Stimulation
J. Neurosci., August 1, 2007; 27(31): 8261 - 8267.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
T. J. McKeeff, D. A. Remus, and F. Tong
Temporal Limitations in Object Processing Across the Human Ventral Visual Pathway
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2007; 98(1): 382 - 393.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
T. H. Donner, M. Siegel, R. Oostenveld, P. Fries, M. Bauer, and A. K. Engel
Population Activity in the Human Dorsal Pathway Predicts the Accuracy of Visual Motion Detection
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2007; 98(1): 345 - 359.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cereb CortexHome page
C.-M. Chen, P. Lakatos, A. S. Shah, A. D. Mehta, S. J. Givre, D. C. Javitt, and C. E. Schroeder
Functional Anatomy and Interaction of Fast and Slow Visual Pathways in Macaque Monkeys
Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2007; 17(7): 1561 - 1569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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